Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure...Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure. Severity of powdery mildew in twelve years of small-plot experiments was in individual years different. Incidence of powdery mildew was followed in 1999-2010 and powdery mildew development was studied in 2003 and 2004 in the Crop Research Institute （CRI）. These experiments were made on the cultivar Kanzler, susceptible cultivar to powdery mildew. Disease severity was made as a percentage of typical symptoms of the disease. Structure of powdery mildew population was probed in 2009 and 2010 in CRI and in the locality Humpolec. The highest was in 2004 and the lowest in 2003. Development of the disease in two extreme years depended on progress of weather factors mainly to average daily temperature and photosynthetic active radiation. In the year 2009 was higher disease severity in CRI than in the CRI station in Humpolec but in 2010 vice versa higher disease severity was in Humpolec. Observation showed that in small distances of two localities can be differences in composition of powdery mildew population. Higher virulence in CRI was to the gene of specific resistance Pml whereas in Humpolec to the gene Pm 17. In the year 2010 in CRI was the highest virulence to the gene Pm 1 whereas in Humpolec the highest virulence was to the genes Pm3fand Pm4a. Differences of powdery mildew were in 12 years of observation were very distinct and showed difference in structure of powdery mildew population in near localities.展开更多
This paper presents an overview of the AMS thermal control system and its thermal environment on the ISS.We give examples of analysis and correlation of space environmental impacting on the thermal control system of A...This paper presents an overview of the AMS thermal control system and its thermal environment on the ISS.We give examples of analysis and correlation of space environmental impacting on the thermal control system of AMS.The most critical factors that affect the thermal environment to AMS are beta angle,attitude of ISS,ISS solar array and ISS radiator positions.The design of a special sandwich structure with embedded heat pipes provides the radiator with higher heat transfer ability for electronics and power crates,and it provides a large heat retaining capacity to balance the frequent changes of the space environment temperatures as well.In cold cases,the thermostatically controlled heaters are working actively to protect AMS.However,sometimes,because of ISS special operations plus extreme beta angle condition,AMS needs to request NASA to adjust the ISS configuration for thermal control.The AMS thermal control system is reliable and stable,which has been verified by its operation on the ISS for more than three years.All the detectors operate normally,the electronics and crates work within their specific temperature limits.展开更多
文摘Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure. Severity of powdery mildew in twelve years of small-plot experiments was in individual years different. Incidence of powdery mildew was followed in 1999-2010 and powdery mildew development was studied in 2003 and 2004 in the Crop Research Institute （CRI）. These experiments were made on the cultivar Kanzler, susceptible cultivar to powdery mildew. Disease severity was made as a percentage of typical symptoms of the disease. Structure of powdery mildew population was probed in 2009 and 2010 in CRI and in the locality Humpolec. The highest was in 2004 and the lowest in 2003. Development of the disease in two extreme years depended on progress of weather factors mainly to average daily temperature and photosynthetic active radiation. In the year 2009 was higher disease severity in CRI than in the CRI station in Humpolec but in 2010 vice versa higher disease severity was in Humpolec. Observation showed that in small distances of two localities can be differences in composition of powdery mildew population. Higher virulence in CRI was to the gene of specific resistance Pml whereas in Humpolec to the gene Pm 17. In the year 2010 in CRI was the highest virulence to the gene Pm 1 whereas in Humpolec the highest virulence was to the genes Pm3fand Pm4a. Differences of powdery mildew were in 12 years of observation were very distinct and showed difference in structure of powdery mildew population in near localities.
基金supported by the Shandong Province Outstanding Young Scientist Award Fund(Grant No.BS2013NJ026)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2013CB228305)
文摘This paper presents an overview of the AMS thermal control system and its thermal environment on the ISS.We give examples of analysis and correlation of space environmental impacting on the thermal control system of AMS.The most critical factors that affect the thermal environment to AMS are beta angle,attitude of ISS,ISS solar array and ISS radiator positions.The design of a special sandwich structure with embedded heat pipes provides the radiator with higher heat transfer ability for electronics and power crates,and it provides a large heat retaining capacity to balance the frequent changes of the space environment temperatures as well.In cold cases,the thermostatically controlled heaters are working actively to protect AMS.However,sometimes,because of ISS special operations plus extreme beta angle condition,AMS needs to request NASA to adjust the ISS configuration for thermal control.The AMS thermal control system is reliable and stable,which has been verified by its operation on the ISS for more than three years.All the detectors operate normally,the electronics and crates work within their specific temperature limits.
