联合国国际贸易法委员会(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law,简称UNCITRAL)作为联合国系统内国际贸易法领域唯一的核心法律机构,在21世纪前的国际贸易法统一化立法中取得了一定成就,得到了发达国家的赞赏。然而,从...联合国国际贸易法委员会(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law,简称UNCITRAL)作为联合国系统内国际贸易法领域唯一的核心法律机构,在21世纪前的国际贸易法统一化立法中取得了一定成就,得到了发达国家的赞赏。然而,从现代实质正义及发展中国家的视角看,UNCITRAL的国际贸易法统一化立法工作一直处于发达国家的主导之下,存在诸如漠视现代实质正义和发展中国家利益、存在大量法律漏洞、语言模糊及立法工具滞后等缺陷,受到了发展中国家的质疑。为此,自21世纪以来,UNCITRAL在国际贸易法统一化立法中进行了一些探索,取得了一定的新发展。遗憾的是,这些新发展基本上仅限于程序层面,离现代实质正义及发展中国家的要求还相距甚远。中国应采取正确对策,积极参与和推动国际贸易法的立法工作,在习近平主席提出"人类命运共同体"倡议的历史机遇中,主动参与和主导与其他发展中国家的合作以增强合力,大力宣传现代实质正义的法律理念,将"共同但有区别责任原则"纳入UNCITRAL的立法和修法工作中,为实现全球实质正义及维护发展中国家利益做出不懈的努力。展开更多
Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportat...Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportation status of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(TCMM). The profound reasons for these problems lie in the cultural, technological and informativebarriers between TCMM and the international market as well as the underdevelopment of TCMMmodernization. Therefore, measures should be taken to enhance the cultural exchange and strategiccooperation in TCMM marketing with international organizations, implement a standardization of TCMM,establish information sharing and other supporting mechanisms, and accelerate TCMM modernizationand innovation.展开更多
Cotton is one of the most important crops throughout the history of India and it also plays an important role in social and economic aspects of the Indian society in the present age. Recent technological advances and ...Cotton is one of the most important crops throughout the history of India and it also plays an important role in social and economic aspects of the Indian society in the present age. Recent technological advances and trade liberalization have made India a major player in international cotton markets. In the year 2011-2012, India was the world＇s second largest producer, consumer and exporter of cotton. The increasing role of the Indian cotton sector in international markets is a direct challenge to other major players like the US. Within this context, a better understanding of the Indian cotton sector and the impact of mechanization on cotton cultivation are needed. The overall objective of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of Indian cotton producers and potential implications for India as a competitor in the world cotton market if it mechanizes harvesting of cotton. The results demonstrate that the net income of the Indian cotton farmers will increase considerably with the mechanization of cotton harvesting. But the adoption of the practice of harvesting cotton by mechanical means is possible only if efforts from many private and public agencies come together. In that scenario, the cotton production in India can increase considerably which can impact the international markets.展开更多
This article introduces the concepts of international trade procedures simplification and standardization, and illustrates implememt procedures and methods, furthermore, it puts forward proposals for training of inter...This article introduces the concepts of international trade procedures simplification and standardization, and illustrates implememt procedures and methods, furthermore, it puts forward proposals for training of international trade procedures simplification and standardization.展开更多
Isothiocyanates(ITCs) extracts were prepared from fresh broccoli.Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using the in vitro bioassays,including superoxide anion radical( 2 O·-) ,hydroxyl radical(HO·-)...Isothiocyanates(ITCs) extracts were prepared from fresh broccoli.Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using the in vitro bioassays,including superoxide anion radical( 2 O·-) ,hydroxyl radical(HO·-) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl(DPPH·) radical-scavenging methods,lipid peroxidation assay,and reducing power assay.The ITCs extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent antioxidant activities(P<0.01) .Its antioxidant-stability was affected by temperature and storage condition,although it was more stable than vitamin C(Vc) .GC-MS iden-tified sulforaphane in the ITCs extracts.The antioxidant activity of sulforaphane was approximately one tenth to one fifth of that of Vc.Sulforaphane was experimented to be one of dominating contributors to antioxidant capacity of ITCs extracts.However,there was no direct antioxidant activity found for benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC) in vitro. Therefore,it could be concluded that the general group(-N=C=S) was not the essential part for the antioxidant activity of sulforaphane.It is suggested that the ITCs extracts from broccoli can be developed into a promising food additive for healthy food.展开更多
Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon...Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82%of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15%in 2002,increased to 13.13%in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64%in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.展开更多
After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented,carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy.Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consump...After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented,carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy.Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries.China has overtaken the U.S.as the world's biggest CO2 emitter since 2006.As China's second largest trade partner,the U.S.has the biggest trade deficit with China which has aroused a lot of disputes between the two parties.But so far the assessments of the trade imbalance of China-U.S.have paid little attention to environmental impacts associated with the trade imbalance.Applied an input-output approach,the article estimates the amount of CO2 embodied in China-U.S.trade during 1997-2007.It was found that through trade with China,the U.S.reduced its CO2 emissions compared with a non-trade scenario.Due to the greater carbon-intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of Chinese industry,China-U.S.trade resulted in more CO2 emissions in China and the world.In the end,the article gives some suggestions:it is equal and sustainable that the international accounting methodologies should be improved,for CO2 emissions responsibility must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade.展开更多
This paper calculated the scale of carbon emissions embodied in the import and export of the world＇s major countries based on input-output principles and international trade data, as well as data on various countries...This paper calculated the scale of carbon emissions embodied in the import and export of the world＇s major countries based on input-output principles and international trade data, as well as data on various countries＇carbon emissions in 2005 from domestic consumption and emissions embodied in trade. The results illustrate that, because of international trade, consumers in developed countries should bear the responsibility for a large portion of CO2 emissions. The researchers separated the net transfer balance of embodied emissions in international trade according to four different effects： size effect, exchange rate effect, structural effect, and pure technical effect, all of which favor the sharing of responsibilities between producers and consumers.展开更多
The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described o...The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described or analyzed. A major reason is the rather limited availability of national and international statistics about the fur sector. This article analyzes the production and international trade in fur based on information from official statistics, trade associations, companies, scientific papers and reports, interviews with experts, etc.. Markets and market conditions play a very important role with regards to the fur sector, and the price of fur is volatile in the short and long run. A new world trade pattern and international specialization have emerged in recent years. The comparative advantages of the fur sector change along the fur value chain, while China＇s position on the global fur market has changed significantly.展开更多
Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of provi...Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of providing global public goods and each country has incentive to free ride, why has the EU chosen to lead the fight against climate change？ This paper reviews three major explanations in existing literature, which includes special moral and risk preferences, political strategy and comparison of mitigation benefits and costs. Borrowed from Thucydides＇ honor, fear, and interest argument, this paper provides a comprehensive explanation for the incentives affecting a country＇s behavior. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of climate change, a country ＇S climate strategy should be understood through analyzing its position in worm economy. Therefore, the EU＇s enthusiasm in global climate politics can be explained by its dependence on foreign fossil fuels, pressure from other member countries during the EU＇s integration process and its competitive advantage on non-fossil fuel energy. For these reasons, this paper argues that trade position is a key factor in understanding Europe＇s climate strategy.展开更多
CULTURAL and creative industries（CCI）are regarded as a positive force in promoting consumption,international trade,and employment,and also for strengthening social cohesion.This is because the CCI feature strong ind...CULTURAL and creative industries（CCI）are regarded as a positive force in promoting consumption,international trade,and employment,and also for strengthening social cohesion.This is because the CCI feature strong industrial integration,high added value,and are environment-friendly.展开更多
This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advanta...This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advantages. Through empirical analysis, this paper finds that China, while sharing the benefits of globalization, showcases the lock-in effect regarding its status in the international labor division chain. The analysis finds that in its participation in globalization, the net barter terms of trade ~BTT） and factorial terms of trade for China are deteriorating, and the income terms of trade are seriously overvalued, resulting in a series of contradictions, such as scanty returns for enterprises, slow income growth, increasing trade frictions, and intensified environmental and resource pressures. The paper analyzes rapidly changing factors in China＇s comparative advantages and characteristics of the changes in industries where China possesses comparative advantages. According to changes in different types of industries at different stages, this paper puts forward suggestions on direction and policies for cultivating dynamic comparative advantages.展开更多
文摘联合国国际贸易法委员会(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law,简称UNCITRAL)作为联合国系统内国际贸易法领域唯一的核心法律机构,在21世纪前的国际贸易法统一化立法中取得了一定成就,得到了发达国家的赞赏。然而,从现代实质正义及发展中国家的视角看,UNCITRAL的国际贸易法统一化立法工作一直处于发达国家的主导之下,存在诸如漠视现代实质正义和发展中国家利益、存在大量法律漏洞、语言模糊及立法工具滞后等缺陷,受到了发展中国家的质疑。为此,自21世纪以来,UNCITRAL在国际贸易法统一化立法中进行了一些探索,取得了一定的新发展。遗憾的是,这些新发展基本上仅限于程序层面,离现代实质正义及发展中国家的要求还相距甚远。中国应采取正确对策,积极参与和推动国际贸易法的立法工作,在习近平主席提出"人类命运共同体"倡议的历史机遇中,主动参与和主导与其他发展中国家的合作以增强合力,大力宣传现代实质正义的法律理念,将"共同但有区别责任原则"纳入UNCITRAL的立法和修法工作中,为实现全球实质正义及维护发展中国家利益做出不懈的努力。
文摘Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportation status of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(TCMM). The profound reasons for these problems lie in the cultural, technological and informativebarriers between TCMM and the international market as well as the underdevelopment of TCMMmodernization. Therefore, measures should be taken to enhance the cultural exchange and strategiccooperation in TCMM marketing with international organizations, implement a standardization of TCMM,establish information sharing and other supporting mechanisms, and accelerate TCMM modernizationand innovation.
文摘Cotton is one of the most important crops throughout the history of India and it also plays an important role in social and economic aspects of the Indian society in the present age. Recent technological advances and trade liberalization have made India a major player in international cotton markets. In the year 2011-2012, India was the world＇s second largest producer, consumer and exporter of cotton. The increasing role of the Indian cotton sector in international markets is a direct challenge to other major players like the US. Within this context, a better understanding of the Indian cotton sector and the impact of mechanization on cotton cultivation are needed. The overall objective of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of Indian cotton producers and potential implications for India as a competitor in the world cotton market if it mechanizes harvesting of cotton. The results demonstrate that the net income of the Indian cotton farmers will increase considerably with the mechanization of cotton harvesting. But the adoption of the practice of harvesting cotton by mechanical means is possible only if efforts from many private and public agencies come together. In that scenario, the cotton production in India can increase considerably which can impact the international markets.
文摘This article introduces the concepts of international trade procedures simplification and standardization, and illustrates implememt procedures and methods, furthermore, it puts forward proposals for training of international trade procedures simplification and standardization.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Y3090135)
文摘Isothiocyanates(ITCs) extracts were prepared from fresh broccoli.Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using the in vitro bioassays,including superoxide anion radical( 2 O·-) ,hydroxyl radical(HO·-) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl(DPPH·) radical-scavenging methods,lipid peroxidation assay,and reducing power assay.The ITCs extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent antioxidant activities(P<0.01) .Its antioxidant-stability was affected by temperature and storage condition,although it was more stable than vitamin C(Vc) .GC-MS iden-tified sulforaphane in the ITCs extracts.The antioxidant activity of sulforaphane was approximately one tenth to one fifth of that of Vc.Sulforaphane was experimented to be one of dominating contributors to antioxidant capacity of ITCs extracts.However,there was no direct antioxidant activity found for benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC) in vitro. Therefore,it could be concluded that the general group(-N=C=S) was not the essential part for the antioxidant activity of sulforaphane.It is suggested that the ITCs extracts from broccoli can be developed into a promising food additive for healthy food.
文摘Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82%of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15%in 2002,increased to 13.13%in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64%in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.
文摘After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented,carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy.Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries.China has overtaken the U.S.as the world's biggest CO2 emitter since 2006.As China's second largest trade partner,the U.S.has the biggest trade deficit with China which has aroused a lot of disputes between the two parties.But so far the assessments of the trade imbalance of China-U.S.have paid little attention to environmental impacts associated with the trade imbalance.Applied an input-output approach,the article estimates the amount of CO2 embodied in China-U.S.trade during 1997-2007.It was found that through trade with China,the U.S.reduced its CO2 emissions compared with a non-trade scenario.Due to the greater carbon-intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of Chinese industry,China-U.S.trade resulted in more CO2 emissions in China and the world.In the end,the article gives some suggestions:it is equal and sustainable that the international accounting methodologies should be improved,for CO2 emissions responsibility must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade.
文摘This paper calculated the scale of carbon emissions embodied in the import and export of the world＇s major countries based on input-output principles and international trade data, as well as data on various countries＇carbon emissions in 2005 from domestic consumption and emissions embodied in trade. The results illustrate that, because of international trade, consumers in developed countries should bear the responsibility for a large portion of CO2 emissions. The researchers separated the net transfer balance of embodied emissions in international trade according to four different effects： size effect, exchange rate effect, structural effect, and pure technical effect, all of which favor the sharing of responsibilities between producers and consumers.
文摘The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described or analyzed. A major reason is the rather limited availability of national and international statistics about the fur sector. This article analyzes the production and international trade in fur based on information from official statistics, trade associations, companies, scientific papers and reports, interviews with experts, etc.. Markets and market conditions play a very important role with regards to the fur sector, and the price of fur is volatile in the short and long run. A new world trade pattern and international specialization have emerged in recent years. The comparative advantages of the fur sector change along the fur value chain, while China＇s position on the global fur market has changed significantly.
文摘Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of providing global public goods and each country has incentive to free ride, why has the EU chosen to lead the fight against climate change？ This paper reviews three major explanations in existing literature, which includes special moral and risk preferences, political strategy and comparison of mitigation benefits and costs. Borrowed from Thucydides＇ honor, fear, and interest argument, this paper provides a comprehensive explanation for the incentives affecting a country＇s behavior. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of climate change, a country ＇S climate strategy should be understood through analyzing its position in worm economy. Therefore, the EU＇s enthusiasm in global climate politics can be explained by its dependence on foreign fossil fuels, pressure from other member countries during the EU＇s integration process and its competitive advantage on non-fossil fuel energy. For these reasons, this paper argues that trade position is a key factor in understanding Europe＇s climate strategy.
文摘CULTURAL and creative industries（CCI）are regarded as a positive force in promoting consumption,international trade,and employment,and also for strengthening social cohesion.This is because the CCI feature strong industrial integration,high added value,and are environment-friendly.
文摘This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advantages. Through empirical analysis, this paper finds that China, while sharing the benefits of globalization, showcases the lock-in effect regarding its status in the international labor division chain. The analysis finds that in its participation in globalization, the net barter terms of trade ~BTT） and factorial terms of trade for China are deteriorating, and the income terms of trade are seriously overvalued, resulting in a series of contradictions, such as scanty returns for enterprises, slow income growth, increasing trade frictions, and intensified environmental and resource pressures. The paper analyzes rapidly changing factors in China＇s comparative advantages and characteristics of the changes in industries where China possesses comparative advantages. According to changes in different types of industries at different stages, this paper puts forward suggestions on direction and policies for cultivating dynamic comparative advantages.
