In this paper it is examined whether firms following International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） exhibit higher accounting quality. While IFRS are supposed to improve international comparisons by harmonisatio...In this paper it is examined whether firms following International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） exhibit higher accounting quality. While IFRS are supposed to improve international comparisons by harmonisation and definition of strong principles, Ball （2006） and Nobes （2006） were concerned about differences in the application of IFRS cross-countries and firms. Barth, Landsman ＆ Lang （2008） stated that the flexibility of principles- based International Accounting Standards （IAS） could create incentives for firms to manage earnings. This paper contributes to analyse the impact of IFRS on accounting quality for European firms. The findings show that for firms in the European Union （EU） IFRS produce a negative effect on accounting quality that continues after 2005, when IFRS becomes mandatory. By contrast, for European firms which are not EU members the IFRS adoption increases accounting quality. These results support the concerns about IFRS application and flexibility and indicate that accounting quality does not improve just because the adoption of IFRS is mandatory.展开更多
The frequency of digitally controlled iodine stabilized He-Ne laser locked to a hyperfine component in ^127I2 was measured using the National Metrology Institute of Japan＇s reference iodine stabilized He-Ne laser. Th...The frequency of digitally controlled iodine stabilized He-Ne laser locked to a hyperfine component in ^127I2 was measured using the National Metrology Institute of Japan＇s reference iodine stabilized He-Ne laser. This laser is operated under the conditions of the practical implementation and its frequency with respect to the International Committee for Weights and Measure recommended value is known from international comparisons. Adopting a sampling rate of 120 kHz for the control system of an iodine stabilized He-Ne laser enables frequency deviation of the test laser from the reference laser by ＋ 5 kHz （relative accuracy of 1 ×10^11） thus limited only by the reproducibility of the iodine stabilized He-Ne laser itself.展开更多
文摘In this paper it is examined whether firms following International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） exhibit higher accounting quality. While IFRS are supposed to improve international comparisons by harmonisation and definition of strong principles, Ball （2006） and Nobes （2006） were concerned about differences in the application of IFRS cross-countries and firms. Barth, Landsman ＆ Lang （2008） stated that the flexibility of principles- based International Accounting Standards （IAS） could create incentives for firms to manage earnings. This paper contributes to analyse the impact of IFRS on accounting quality for European firms. The findings show that for firms in the European Union （EU） IFRS produce a negative effect on accounting quality that continues after 2005, when IFRS becomes mandatory. By contrast, for European firms which are not EU members the IFRS adoption increases accounting quality. These results support the concerns about IFRS application and flexibility and indicate that accounting quality does not improve just because the adoption of IFRS is mandatory.
文摘The frequency of digitally controlled iodine stabilized He-Ne laser locked to a hyperfine component in ^127I2 was measured using the National Metrology Institute of Japan＇s reference iodine stabilized He-Ne laser. This laser is operated under the conditions of the practical implementation and its frequency with respect to the International Committee for Weights and Measure recommended value is known from international comparisons. Adopting a sampling rate of 120 kHz for the control system of an iodine stabilized He-Ne laser enables frequency deviation of the test laser from the reference laser by ＋ 5 kHz （relative accuracy of 1 ×10^11） thus limited only by the reproducibility of the iodine stabilized He-Ne laser itself.
