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Neo-merchantalism: Open Trade, Open Currency, and Open Monetary System?
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作者 Gurhan Uysal 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2013年第12期1619-1621,共3页
Neo-merchantalism is the use of national currency in international trade among countries to increase global trade. This is called as open currency in the study. Neo-merchantalism also includes open trade to facilitate... Neo-merchantalism is the use of national currency in international trade among countries to increase global trade. This is called as open currency in the study. Neo-merchantalism also includes open trade to facilitate trade among countries. Thirdly, neo-merchantalism covers International Monetary Fund (IMF). Because IMF regulates and controls money flow among countries in international trade, neo-merchantalism could be presented as follows: neo-merchantalism = open trade + open currency + IMF. Open trade and open currency exist in merchantalism theory. But today, there is also IMF control. Therefore, neo-merchantalism = merchantalism + IMF. Globalism started in 1990 in global markets. It increased the amount of global trade from 13 trillion dollars to 60 trillion dollars. Therefore, each country has 6%-7% economic growth in global markets in the 2000s. It is expected that neo-merchantalism theory doubles global trade up to 100 trillion dollars. Because each country uses its money to do intemational trade, IMF's restrictions are important in currency flow, as countries may overprint their money to do more trade that increases inflation rate in global economies. For example, emission of United States (US) dollars increased 50% after 2008 crises in American economy. Therefore, the Federal Reserve aims to stop quantitative enlargement policy in order to impede inflation in American economy. In neo-merchantalism, IMF can restrict money print and currency flow according to country's gross domestic product (GDP), because quantity theory in economy requires that a country can issue its national currency according to its national GDP. 展开更多
关键词 neo-merchantalism Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF) international trade
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绿色经济的政策挑战与可持续经济的发展
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作者 爱德华.巴比埃 罗雪群 《经济社会体制比较》 CSSCI 北大核心 2013年第3期78-91,共14页
国际决策者往往把绿色增长、能效提高、清洁能源技术和可持续发展视作互补的目标。文章认为,全球生态系统退化和损失,意味着这个世界在继续面临着生态稀缺性问题的日益严重——即当这些系统被用于人类目的和行为时,其重大的收益或"... 国际决策者往往把绿色增长、能效提高、清洁能源技术和可持续发展视作互补的目标。文章认为,全球生态系统退化和损失,意味着这个世界在继续面临着生态稀缺性问题的日益严重——即当这些系统被用于人类目的和行为时,其重大的收益或"服务"所遭受的损失——绿色增长就将无力确保可持续经济发展。克服这个问题,需要面临进一步的可持续性和融资的挑战。可持续性的挑战是指解决一系列市场、政策和制度失灵的问题,这些失灵妨碍人们认清这种稀缺性的经济意义。融资的挑战是指弥合这二者的差距,其一为人类从生态系统中得到的全球收益,其二为我们有多大意愿耗资去维持和保护它们。解决可持续性挑战的关键步骤,在于改进生态稀缺性的经济和科学分析,评估收益损失,并将其中包含的启示转换成政策。缓解融资挑战的可能性,则在于探索和启用一批创新性的融资机制,从生态系统服务的国际付费机制,到国际金融基金的融资和外汇交易税收机制。 展开更多
关键词 外汇交易税 生态稀缺性 金融交易税 绿色经济 国际金融基金 生态系统服务付费 可持续发展
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