国麦1号播期播量对群体发育及产量的影响

2002-2003年度在大田高产栽培条件下安排了国麦1号播期、播量裂区试验,对其群体结构指标、幼穗发育、产量与产量构成因素进行了观察和测定分析。结果表明,在本年度生态条件下,国麦1号的幼穗发育进程略晚于豫麦49。不同播期对产量、穗数、穗粒数影响不大,对千粒重影响明显,处理间差异达到显著水平;不同播量对产量、穗数影响均达到显著水平,对穗粒数的影响达到极显著水平。在河南省中部地区种植,可掌握在10月6日左右播种,基本苗控制在150万/hm2左右。

播期和播量对冬小麦国麦301农艺性状及产量的影响

为加快冬小麦国麦301的推广应用,以国麦301为试验材料,采用D-饱和最优设计,研究播期播量对国麦301产量及构成要素的影响。结果表明:开花期叶面指数随着播期的推移呈先升后降的趋势,而随着播量的增加叶面积指数逐渐升高;播期播量对开花期干物质积累量的影响基本一致,均呈先升后降的变化趋势,播期在10月10日、播量在1.78×10~6株/hm^2时,开花期干物质积累量都最大,分别为15 569.14、15 476.43 kg/hm^2;播期播量对成穗数和产量的变化趋势基本一致,均呈先升后降的变化趋势。说明成穗数是影响产量大小的主效因素;穗粒数和千粒质量随着播期的延迟均呈先略降后上升的趋势,随着播量的增加呈先降后略升的趋势,而与播期播量对成穗数的变化趋势相反,可见穗粒数和千粒质量与成穗数间呈负相关;保证国麦301高产的适宜播期为10月8日—10月19日,播种密度范围为2.0×10~6~3.43×10~6株/hm^2,早播适宜低密度,播期推迟,密度适当增加。

EMS诱变国麦301突变体库的构建

为给小麦功能基因组学研究和分子育种准备基础材料,以高产小麦新品种国麦301为试材,用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)溶液处理,构建小麦突变体库。在2011-2013年2年试验中,对田间M1和M2代株系全生育期表型进行了观察鉴定。2013年对M2代12个株系和3 020个穗系的主要农艺性状及其他生物学性状进行调查,共获得130个突变体系。M2代发生表型突变的频率约为4.29%。M2代中叶背蜡质、叶子细长的突变穗系可遗传,后代无遗传;叶色嫩绿、穗细长等突变性状有分离。本研究所构建的国麦301突变体群较为理想,可用于小麦功能基因组研究和小麦遗传改良。

Elymus duthiei(Melderis)G.Singh(Poaceae,Triticeae),a newly recorded species from China

Elymus duthiei(Melderis)G.Singh,newly recorded from Xizang,China,is described and illustrated in detail.Morphologically,the species is similar to E.anthosachnoides(Keng)Á.Löve ex B.R.Lu and E.glaberrimus(Keng&S.L.Chen)S.L.Chen but differs from the former in height and diameter of culms,number of nodes,width of leaf blades,and type of trichome and size of spikelets,and from the latter in distribution,height of culms,type of trichome of spikelets,and awn length.Detailed photo plates,descriptions,and distribution data are provided.

小麦新品种国麦301不同施肥量试验研究

为科学评价小麦新品种国麦301在秸秆还田条件下最佳施氮量和最佳基追比例,为大面积推广提供科学依据。设置7个处理小区、3次重复开展对小麦新品种国麦301氮肥不同用量和基追比例的试验研究,结果显示,在秸秆还田条件下,最佳施氮量为17.5kg/亩,最佳基追比例为5∶5,在此情况下,国麦301的群体动态、单株干物质动态、灌浆速率及增重、产量结构达最佳值,产量最高,施氮少则生物学产量与实产均低,施氮多则生物学产量高,但后期贪青晚熟,产量下降。

关于发展连云港市啤酒大麦基地的构想

连云港市具有发展啤酒大麦得天独厚的天时、地利条件。国产啤酒大麦(简称国麦)完全可以与进口大麦(简称洋麦)匹敌。洋麦虽然质量好,但也存在诸多不利因素,发展国麦基地才是长远之举。连云港市境内农场多,土壤肥沃,适合优质啤酒大麦(简称国麦)的生产。

GENUS DACTYLETHRELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) IN CHINA,WITH DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES

In this paper, three species of the genus Dactylethrella are reported from China, of which one species D. shenae sp. nov. is described as new to science and the other two species D. catarina Ponomarenko and D. tegulifera (Meyrick) are reported for the first time from this country. A key to the Chinese species of the genus Dactylethrella is given and illustrations of genitalia are provided.

Fate of ^(15)N-Labeled Urea Under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation on the North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ^15N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and summer maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 （N360）, a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 （N120） led to a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N （NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered ngronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.

Further molecular evidence for the Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum in Tibet as ultimate progenitor of Chinese cultivated barley

106 aeeessions of Tibetan wild barley, including 50 accessions of the two-rowed wiht barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. sopntaneum （HS）, 27 accessions of the six-rowed bottle-shaped wild barley H. lagunculiforme （HL） and 29 accessions of the six-rowed wiht barley H. agriocrithon （HA） that separately represent different agrigeographical regions of Tibet, were used to study the genetic diversity and genetie differentiation using SSR markers selected from seven barley linkage groups. 229 allelic variants were identified with an average of 7.6 alleles/locus. The average of total number of alleles per locus in HA （6.4） is much higher than that in HS （3.9） and HL （3.4）. The genetie diversity and its standard deviation among the three subspecies were in the order of HS〉HL〉HA. Very significant genetic differentiation was observed among the three subspecies of wild barley. Comparisons of the results fiom this and previous studies showed a strong Oriental-Occidental differentiation of barley, and that Shannan region of Tibet might be the center of origin of the Tibetan two-rowed wild barley, thus supporting not only the hypothesis of a mono-phyletie origin of cultivated barley but also the proposition that the Tibetan two-rowed wild barley as ultimate progenitor of Chinese cultivated barley.

Groundwater Contamination with NO_3-N in a Wheat-Corn Cropping System in the North China Plain

The North China Plain,where summer corn(Zea mays L.)and winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)are the major crops grown,is a major agricultural area in China.Permeable soils make the region susceptible to groundwater pollution by NO_3-N,which is applied to fields in large amounts of more than 400 kg NO_3-N ha^(-1)as fertilizer.A field experiment was established in 2002 to examine the relationship among N fertilization rate,soil NO_3-N,and NO_3-N groundwater contamination.Two adjacent fields were fertilized with local farmers' N fertilization rate(LN)and double the normal application rate(HN),respectively,and managed under otherwise identical conditions.The fields were under a traditional summer corn/winter wheat rotation.Over a 22-month period,we monitored NO_3-N concentrations in both bulk soil and soil pore water in 20-40 cm increments up to 180 cm depth.We also monitored NO_3-N concentrations in groundwater and the depth of the groundwater table.No significant differences in soil NO_3-N were observed between the LN and HN treatment.We identified NO_3-N plumes moving downward through the soil profile.The HN treatment resulted in significantly higher groundwater NO_3-N,relative to the LN treatment,with groundwater NO_3-N consistently exceeding the maximum safe level of 10 mg L^(-1),but groundwater NO_3-N above the maximum safe level was also observed in the LN treatment after heavy rain.Heavy rain in June,July,and August 2003 caused increased NO_3-N leaching through the soil and elevated NO_3-N concentrations in the groundwater.Concurrent rise of the groundwater table into NO_3-N- rich soil layers also contributed to the increased NO_3-N concentrations in the groundwater.Our results indicate that under conditions of average rainfall,soil NO_3-N was accumulated in the soil profile.The subsequent significantly higher- than-average rainfalls continuously flushed the soil NO_3-N into deeper layers and raised the groundwater table,which caused continuous groundwater contamination with NO_3-N.The results suggest that under common farming practices in the North China Plain,groundwater contamination with NO_3-N was likely,especially during heavy rainfalls,and the degree of groundwater contamination appeared to be proportional to the N application rates.Decreasing fertilization rates, splitting fertilizer inputs,and optimizing irrigation scheduling had potential to reduce groundwater NO_3-N contamination.

Effect of Cereal Brans Supplementation on Quality Characteristics of Various Indigenous Products

The effect of using different cereal brans （wheat, rice, oat and their combination） at different levels （0, 5, 10%） in different indigenous products （Balushahi, Mathi, Kulcha and Paratha） on color, texture and sensory quality was studied. The addition of cereal bran decreased the ＂L＂ values and increased the ＂a＂ value of all the developed indigenous products. Supplementation of different cereal bran had significant effect on texture of the developed indigenous products. Overall hardness of the products decreased with addition of cereal brans. Among various cereal bran levels used, 10% supplementation showed maximum hardness in all types of products. Cereal bran supplementation significantly improved the protein and fibre content of all indigenous products. On the basis of physical analysis and sensory attributes, it was concluded that cereal brans can be substituted upto 5% （rice bran and bran in combination） and 10% levels （wheat bran and oat bran） in whole wheat flour and maida for developing indigenous products without adversely affecting quality attributes.

Research and application of hybrid wheat in China

Hybrid wheat is recognized as a preferred approach to improve wheat yield,and it will be a competition focus in high-tech seed industry in the future. We have made a breakthrough for the first time in creation of two-line hybrid wheat system,which reaches the world leading level in wheat research and has laid an important foundation for the future direction of the world wheat research. Similar to hybrid rice,the innovation of two-line hybrid wheat system is another achievement in science and technology. The application of hybrid wheat in China will greatly increase the food production,and make a great significance to food production and food security. This paper introduces the development process and major breakthrough of hybrid wheat in China,and the main bottleneck and countermeasures in the application of hybrid wheat.

Evaluation and Performance of the APSIM Crop Growth Model for German Winter Wheat, Maize and Fieldpea Varieties in Monocropping and Intercropping Systems

Competition for solar radiation between plants grown in multi-species cropping systems can severely limit crop production of individual species within that system. There are various approaches for modeling light interception within mixed-cropping and row or strip intercropping systems. To extend the knowledge about model behavior and different model approaches under interspecific competition conditions, the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator （APSIM） was evaluated and calibrated for field experiments previously described and simulated by the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer （DSSAT）. Initially the APSIM plant model was successfully modified to simulate wheat, maize and fieldpea monocultures in the European agro-ecological zone. Once calibrated, the APSIM model was then used to simulate a strip relay intercropping maize/wheat and maize/fieldpea system. In DSSAT, a shading algorithm was introduced to modify the daily weather input in order to take competition for solar radiation into account. In contrast, APSIM simulates interspecific competition using a modified Beer＇s law for multi-component canopy conditions. After a re-evaluation of the model regarding a minimum change of crop coefficients and variables, APSIM was able to simulate dry matter and grain yield of German maize, wheat and fieldpea varieties adequately. However, APSIM is a point-based model, and many of the processes that influence strip cropping cannot be accommodated by adjusting Beer＇s Law alone. So far none of the tested frameworks successfully modeled strip or relay intercropping. The processes governing growth in the numerous and very diversifying intercropping systems are complex and at this point in time have not been captured in sufficient detail.

Two new species in the genus Meleonoma Meyrick(Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from Taiwan

Two new species in the genus Meleonoma are described from Taiwan, China： M. margisclerotica Wang sp. nov. and M. apicispinata Wang sp. nov. Diagnostic characters are provided and photos of adults and genitalia are included.

The Prosperity of Using Domestic Triticale Varieties in Kyrgyzstan

The present researches mentioned questions of economic use of domestic triticale and their influences on a phytosanitory condition and fertility of an irrigated arable land in the Chuy Valley of Kyrgyzstan. The result of the work consists of four tables, purpose of the work was to discover roots systems, nutrion value and the main laboratory testing of samples were conducted at the Humboldt University in Berlin, which was completed under the high and compliant standards of the world. The present research conducted on triticale varieties was firstly studied in Kyrgyzstan.

The Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat during 2012-2100 under A2 and A1B Scenarios in China

By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter wheat would be strongly influenced by climate change in future. The average flowering and maturity dates of winter wheat would advance by 26 and 27 days under scenario A2, and by 23 and 24 days respectively under scenario A1B from 2012 to 2100. The simulated potential productivity of winter wheat shows a decrease of 14.3% and 12.5% for scenarios A2 and A1B respectively without the fertilization effect of CO2, while an increase of 1.3% and 0.6% with the fertilization effect of CO2. Additionally, for northern China, the simulated potential productivity would markedly decrease under both scenarios, independent with the fertilization effect of CO2, which indicates that the current planted winter wheat would be more vulnerable than that in southern China. The most likely reason is the current winter wheat varieties in northern China are winter varieties or strong winter varieties, which need some days of low temperature for dormancy. While in southern China, the winter wheat is spring or half winter varieties and can grow slowly during winter, thus, they would be affected slightly when winter temperature increases. The results of this study may have important implications for adaptation measures.

Reflections on Islam and Co-Existence in the Upper Cross River Region of Nigeria

Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue region, west by Ebonyi and Enugu states and east by the Republic of Cameroon, this unique area experienced colonial rule. Christianity established its dominance in this area during colonial times, leaving no room for Islam. However, following the 1967 to 1970 civil war, groups of Islamic traders, clerics, and businessmen started trickling into the area, and settling there. They began to spread their faith in the region hut could not establish their political presence there. Some familiarised themselves with the culture of the indigenous people, and won converts not by force, but via the proselytisation of their faith. Community leaders did not abandon the old verities which bound traditional society in the region together. The pattern was often a pragmatic choice--accepting the best of the faiths resulting in peaceful co-existence and assured social harmony in the region. Pockets of Islamic converts could be found in Ogoja, Obudu, and some strategic commercial locations in the region. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the co-existence of Islam in the Upper Cross River Region （UCRR） and the impact made economically, culturally and religiously on the peoples of the region. The research adopted secondary and primary sources of information in its methodology. It therefore established that the UCRR of Nigeria serves as an excellent example, or a convenient model for the study of mutual religious co-existence between adherents of the Islamic and other faiths in the region.

A taxonomic review of the genus Stenolechia Meyrick(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae:Litini)from China,with descriptions of three new species

Species of Stenolechia Meyrick,1894 from China are reviewed,including three new species:Stenolechia longivalva sp.nov.,Stenolechia curvativalva sp.nov.and Stenolechia cuneata sp.nov.,and three new records to China:Stenolechia kodamai Okada,1962,Stenolechia insulalis Park,2016 and Stenolechia notomochla Meyrick,1935.The previously unknown female of Stenolechia insulalis Park,2016 is described.Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided,along with two keys to the Chinese species based on the male and female genitalia.

Fatal Accommodations： The Record of Teachers＇ Unions in the McCarthy Era

While professional associations connected to higher education such as the American Association of University Professors fought to defend its members against the anti-communism of the 1950s, evidence suggests that teachers＇ unions failed in this role. Drawing upon the archival records and publications of the American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association, the following paper argues that the ideological inclinations of union leaders hindered their efforts to protect K-12 public school teachers. The attacks on academic freedom rights during the McCarthy era would thus have implications for years to come in regard to the ability of K-12 teachers to exercise their intellectual autonomy.

Three new species of the genus Erotis Meyrick(Lepidoptera:Oecophoridae) from Hainan Island

Three new species of the genus Erotis Meyrick, 1910 are described based on specimens collected from Hainan Island, China, namely, E. mediconcava Wang sp. nov., E. yinggelingensis Wang sp. nov. and E. apicobtusa Wang sp. nov. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided.