回转窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形动态检测方法

回转窑的筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形对回转窑的稳定运行有着重要的影响,对窑筒体这二种变形的准确检测将可以判断回转窑的运行状态。文章阐述了测量窑轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形测量的意义,分析了引起回转窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的原因,介绍了一种可以在动态条件下测量窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的方法,能准确测量窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的大小。

应县木塔结构变形现状及分析

为了解应县木塔的构件变形和整体变形现状,对其圆柱的柱头和柱脚坐标、阑额和乳栿的挠度、楼板的相对高程进行了现场测量和分析,得到了圆柱倾斜水平投影值和柱脚高程、内外槽高差、阑额和乳栿的挠曲程度和整体变形等几何参数和力学特征。结果表明:在构件变形层面,应县木塔二层明层和三层的圆柱倾斜最严重,四层平坐层和五层平坐层外槽南侧、西南侧和北侧的圆柱倾斜水平投影值较大,木塔向东北向的倾斜仍在加剧;柱脚呈现出南高北低的规律,内、外槽高差从二层明层往上依次减小;除四层明层和五层明层外,其他各层均有25%～35%的阑额挠度过大,需要进行替换或加固,乳栿挠度相对较小;木塔的整体变形在东西向和南北向存在显著差异,从二层平坐层至五层明层,东西向各层中心偏移值先增大后减小,南北向各层中心偏移值逐层递增;二层明层到三层明层外槽柱向东的中心偏移量占木塔在该方向整体倾斜偏移量的75%,二层明层外槽柱向北的层位移占木塔在该方向整体倾斜偏移量的42%,各层中心偏移方向也存在差异。

飞行器圆柱类部件的气动外形参数化方法

通过增加坐标转换步骤和虚拟框策略,得到适用于圆柱形物体的cylindrical free-form deformation(CYFFD)参数化方法,既可用于轴对称物体,也可以用于非轴对称物体。CYFFD可捕捉圆柱类物体独特的周向和径向变形特点,并能够保证框边界处曲面的导数和曲率连续。首先,通过使用坐标转换方法可在圆柱坐标系下实现沿周向和径向的变形。其次,由于圆柱形物体的精细外形设计需要,需要布置为首尾相连的贴近物面的控制框,这种布置形式会导致在圆柱周向出现框的边界与曲面的相交,难以保持曲面在控制框边界处的导数连续性,因此引入虚拟框方法并选取一些控制点作为虚拟的控制框点,从而保持导数和曲率连续。使用圆柱外形示例对比了CYFFD和传统方法的变形能力、框边界处的曲率连续特性。机身头部参数化示例表明CYFFD可以和传统FFD协同使用从而实现复杂的变形目的。短舱变形示例和外形拟合示例表明CYFFD可以用于复杂非轴对称圆柱曲面。圆柱头部优化算例表明CYFFD用于优化设计能够得到良好的优化结果,将之用于圆柱类外形的参数化和优化设计中具有实用价值。

Experimental Study on Full-Surface Buckling of Variable Curvature Cylindrical Shell Using Multi-camera 3D-DIC System

To achieve full-surface strain measurement of variable curvature objects,a 360°3D digital image correlation(DIC)system is proposed.The measurement system consists of four double-camera systems,which capture the object’s entire surface from multiple angles,enabling comprehensive full-surface measurement.To increase the stitching quality,a hierarchical coordinate matching method is proposed.Initially,a 3D rigid body calibration auxiliary block is employed to track motion trajectory,which enables preliminary matching of four 3D-DIC sub-systems.Subsequently,secondary precise matching is performed based on feature points on the test specimen’s surface.Through the hierarchical coordinate matching method,the local 3D coordinate systems of each double-camera system are unified into a global coordinate system,achieving 3D surface reconstruction of the variable curvature cylindrical shell,and error analysis is conducted on the results.Furthermore,axial compression buckling experiment is conducted to measure the displacement and strain fields on the cylindrical shell’s surface.The experimental results are compared with the finite element analysis,validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed multi-camera 3D-DIC measuring system.

Deformation inhomogeneity due to sample-anvil friction in cylindrical compression test

Finite element(FEM)analysis was used to systematically evaluate the inhomogeneity of deformation in cylindrical samples with various sample-anvil friction coefficients,m.It was found that the level of friction strongly influences the deformation homogeneity,which increases significantly with the friction coefficient although the overall geometry of the samples almost remains the same when m >0.4.The position,at which the effective strain along the maximum radial direction in a compressed sample is equal to the equivalent strain of the sample,does not vary greatly with respect to both equivalent strain of the sample and m.Hardness measurements of compressed cylindrical 5056B Al alloy samples revealed a change of effective strain distribution similar to that revealed by FEM analysis.There exists a quantitative relationship between the hardness and the effective strain if no recrystallization or recovery occurs during the compression process.

电场活化聚合物(DE)平面弯曲致动器设计

电场活化聚合物在电场力作用下会产生大幅度的形变,可用做微型致动器的理想材料。文章探索电场活化聚合物(DE)平面弯曲致动器的设计方法,为将来更为复杂致动器的设计和应用提供理论依据;阐述了电场活化聚合物卷筒型平面弯曲致动器的工作原理,建立了力学模型,设计了致动器的结构几何参数,推导了圆柱螺旋弹簧横向弯曲刚度及其挠度、转角的计算公式。数值模拟结果表明所设计的平面弯曲致动器可以实现预期的平面弯曲运动,从而验证了这种设计方法的正确性。

Dynamic response of cylindrical cavity to anti-plane impact load by using analytical approach

The transient response of an unlimited cylindrical cavity buried in the infinite elastic soil subjected to an anti-plane impact load along the cavern axis direction was studied.Using Laplace transform combining with contour integral of the Laplace inverse transform specifically,the general analytical expressions of the soil displacement and stress are obtained in the time domain,respectively.And the numerical solutions of the problem computed by analytical expressions are presented.In the time domain,the dynamic responses of the infinite elastic soil are analyzed,and the calculation results are compared with those from numerical inversion proposed by Durbin and the static results.One observes good agreement between analytical and numerical inversion results,lending the further support to the method presented.Finally,some valuable shear wave propagation laws are gained: the displacement of the soil remains zero before the wave arrival,and after the shear wave arrival,the stress and the displacement at this point increase abruptly,then reduce and tend to the static value gradually at last.The wave attenuates along the radial,therefore the farther the wave is from the source,the smaller the stress and the displacement are,and the stress and the displacement are just functions of the radial distance from the axis.

Vibration and Instability of Third⁃Order Shear Deformable FGM Sandwich Cylindrical Shells Conveying Fluid

The vibration and instability of functionally graded material(FGM)sandwich cylindrical shells conveying fluid are investigated.The Navier-Stokes relation is used to describe the fluid pressure acting on the FGM sandwich shells.Based on the third-order shear deformation shell theory,the governing equations of the system are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle.To check the validity of the present analysis,the results are compared with those in previous studies for the special cases.Results manifest that the natural frequency of the fluid-conveying FGM sandwich shells increases with the rise of the core-to-thickness ratio and power-law exponent,while decreases with the rise of fluid density,radius-to-thickness ratio and length-to-radius ratio.The fluid-conveying FGM sandwich shells lose stability when the non-dimensional flow velocity falls in 2.1-2.5,which should be avoided in engineering application.

Deformation analysis of an incompressible composite cylindrical tube subjected to end axial loads and internal constraint

In this paper,the problem of axially symmetric deformation is examined for a composite cylindrical tube under equal axial loads acting on its two ends,where the tube is composed of two different incompressible neo-Hookean materials.Significantly,the implicit analytical solutions describing the deformation of the tube are proposed.Numerical simulations are given to further illustrate the qualitative properties of the solutions and some meaningful conclusions are obtained.In the tension case,with the increasing axial loads or with the decreasing ratio of shear moduli of the outer and the inner materials,it is proved that the tube will shrink more along the radial direction and will extend more along the axial direction.Under either tension or compression,the deformation along the axial direction is obvious near the two ends of the tube,while in the rest,the change is relatively small.Similarly,for a large domain of the middle part,the axial elongation is almost constant;however,the variation is very fast near the two ends.In addition,the absolute value of the axial displacement increases gradually from the central cross-section of the tube and achieves the maximum at the two endpoints.