Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transform...Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transformation. Lead transfer and the distribution of chemical species throughout the anthropogenic flow were identified in 2010 in China. The results show that 1.85 Mt lead ore was consumed(besides 1.287 Mt imported concentrated ore and 1.39 Mt lead scraps. After undergoing transformations, 3.53 Mt lead entered end services in chemical species of Pb, Pb O2 and PbSO4, altogether accounting for over 80% of the total lead products. Finally, 2.10 Mt ore was emitted into the environment in such species as PbSO4(26%), PbO(19%) and Pb(15%). Lead transfer begins in primary raw material sectors, and then transfers to manufacturing sectors. Lead provides services mainly in such industrial sectors as transportation, electrical power and buildings or construction.展开更多
The authors review recent advances in the development of coupled Regional Earth System Models (RESMs),a field that is still in its early stages.To date,coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice,atmosphere-aerosol an...The authors review recent advances in the development of coupled Regional Earth System Models (RESMs),a field that is still in its early stages.To date,coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice,atmosphere-aerosol and atmosphere-biosphere models have been developed,but they have been applied onlyto limited regional settings.Much more work is thus needed to assess their transferability to a wide range of settings.Future challenges in regional climate modeling are identified,including the development of fully coupled RESMs encompassing not only atmosphere,ocean,cryosphere,biosphere,chemosphere,but also the human component in a fully interactive way.展开更多
The characteristics of the novel switched reluctance motor with auxiliary winding and four big swallow-tailed-slots in the internal surface of stator is analysed with the stator cross section and winding photo given, ...The characteristics of the novel switched reluctance motor with auxiliary winding and four big swallow-tailed-slots in the internal surface of stator is analysed with the stator cross section and winding photo given, and the nlathematical model of the novel switched reluctance motor presented. To show that the auxiliary winding causes the electromotive force to improve current waveform and increase output power. The different effects of auxiliary winding on system performance under different speeds are analyzed and experimented. Simulation analyzing and experiments studying of the novel switched reluctance motor demonstrate validity of auxiliary winding improving current waveforms, increasing output power.展开更多
An OGCM, LICOM2.0, was used to investigate the effects of different surface boundary conditions for sea surface salinity (SSS) on simulations of global mean salinity, SSS, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cir...An OGCM, LICOM2.0, was used to investigate the effects of different surface boundary conditions for sea surface salinity (SSS) on simulations of global mean salinity, SSS, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Four numerical experiments (CTRL, Expl, Exp2 and Exp3) were designed with the same forcing data-set, CORE.v2, and different surface boundary conditions for SSS~ A new surface salinity boundary condition that consists of both virtual and real salt fluxes was adopted in the fourth experiment (Exp3). Compared with the other experiments, the new salinity boundary condition prohibited a monotonous increasing or decreasing global mean salinity trend. As a result, global salinity was approximately conserved in EXP3. In the default salinity boundary condition setting in LICOM2.0, a weak restoring salinity term plays an essential role in reducing the simulated SSS bias, tending to increase the global mean salinity. However, a strong restoring salinity term under the sea ice can reduce the global mean salinity. The authors also found that adopting simulated SSS in the virtual salt flux instead of constant reference salinity improved the simulation of AMOC, whose strength became closer to that observed.展开更多
For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force (MEMF) of planar magnetic induction coil (PMIC) is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable mag...For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force (MEMF) of planar magnetic induction coil (PMIC) is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable magnetic field. Under a reasona-ble assumption, the MEMF of PMIC is simplified after the aforementioned general formula is used to calculate high spinning PMIC in the geomagnetic field environment. The determination approach of half-cycle is discussed and the method of rotation speed test is studied, and a test is conducted in the paper. The rotation speed curve obtained by the approach in this paper is consistent with the curve by telemetry.展开更多
Maximum androgen blockade (MAB), consisting of an antiandrogen plus either a luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone agonist (LHRHA) or orchiectomy, is a standard care for patients with prostate cancer. Although, c...Maximum androgen blockade (MAB), consisting of an antiandrogen plus either a luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone agonist (LHRHA) or orchiectomy, is a standard care for patients with prostate cancer. Although, clinical trial results have been equivocal, none has shown a significant advantage in favor of MAB over castration alone in metastatic prostate cancer and MAB has been the subject of considerable controversy. The aim of this study was to compare MAB (orchiectomy or LHRHA"Goserelin") and anti-androgen "Bicalutamide" with castration alone (orchiectomy or LHRHA) in previ- ously untreated metastatic prostate cancer patients. Methods: Hundred eligible patients with adequate performance status and adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal functions were included. MAB arm, fifty patients underwent castration either surgically by orchiectomy or medically by receiving Goserelin (3.6 rag) depot, which was injected subcutaneously every 28 days plus bicalutamide 50 mg once daily. Castration alone arm, fifty patients underwent castration alone either surgically by orchiectomy or medically by receiving Goserelin (3.6 mg) depot. Results: During the period from January 2011 to January 2013, with a median follow up of 18 months (range 6 to 24 months), there were eight deaths (16%), in MAB arm and ten deaths (20%) in castration alone arm. At three months, there were 35 patients (70%) with prostate specific antigen (PSA) normalization (-〈 4 mg/dL) in MAB arm versus 17 patients (34%) with PSA normalization in castration alone arm (P = 0.001). The median progression free survival (PFS) times were 22.18 months (95% CI, 19.7 to 24.2 months) for MAB arm versus 22 months in castration alone arm (95% CI, 18 to 25.9 months; P = 0.045). The survival rates for MAB arm were 82% at 18 months and 70.6% at 24 months versus 78.7% at 18 months and 75.1% at 24 months in castration alone arm (P 〉 0.05). The median overall survival (OS) was not reached in either arm. Both hematological and non-hematological toxicities were com- parable in both arms. Conclusion: MAB significantly improves the PSA normalization rate at 12 weeks and PFS compared to castration alone with no significant difference in overall survival and with comparable acceptable toxicities. However further studies are needed to document such findings.展开更多
基金Project(41171361)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transformation. Lead transfer and the distribution of chemical species throughout the anthropogenic flow were identified in 2010 in China. The results show that 1.85 Mt lead ore was consumed(besides 1.287 Mt imported concentrated ore and 1.39 Mt lead scraps. After undergoing transformations, 3.53 Mt lead entered end services in chemical species of Pb, Pb O2 and PbSO4, altogether accounting for over 80% of the total lead products. Finally, 2.10 Mt ore was emitted into the environment in such species as PbSO4(26%), PbO(19%) and Pb(15%). Lead transfer begins in primary raw material sectors, and then transfers to manufacturing sectors. Lead provides services mainly in such industrial sectors as transportation, electrical power and buildings or construction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2016YFA0600704]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number Y71301U801]
文摘The authors review recent advances in the development of coupled Regional Earth System Models (RESMs),a field that is still in its early stages.To date,coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice,atmosphere-aerosol and atmosphere-biosphere models have been developed,but they have been applied onlyto limited regional settings.Much more work is thus needed to assess their transferability to a wide range of settings.Future challenges in regional climate modeling are identified,including the development of fully coupled RESMs encompassing not only atmosphere,ocean,cryosphere,biosphere,chemosphere,but also the human component in a fully interactive way.
文摘The characteristics of the novel switched reluctance motor with auxiliary winding and four big swallow-tailed-slots in the internal surface of stator is analysed with the stator cross section and winding photo given, and the nlathematical model of the novel switched reluctance motor presented. To show that the auxiliary winding causes the electromotive force to improve current waveform and increase output power. The different effects of auxiliary winding on system performance under different speeds are analyzed and experimented. Simulation analyzing and experiments studying of the novel switched reluctance motor demonstrate validity of auxiliary winding improving current waveforms, increasing output power.
基金partially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China[grant number 2013CB956204]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA11010403],[grant number XDA11010304]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41305028]
文摘An OGCM, LICOM2.0, was used to investigate the effects of different surface boundary conditions for sea surface salinity (SSS) on simulations of global mean salinity, SSS, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Four numerical experiments (CTRL, Expl, Exp2 and Exp3) were designed with the same forcing data-set, CORE.v2, and different surface boundary conditions for SSS~ A new surface salinity boundary condition that consists of both virtual and real salt fluxes was adopted in the fourth experiment (Exp3). Compared with the other experiments, the new salinity boundary condition prohibited a monotonous increasing or decreasing global mean salinity trend. As a result, global salinity was approximately conserved in EXP3. In the default salinity boundary condition setting in LICOM2.0, a weak restoring salinity term plays an essential role in reducing the simulated SSS bias, tending to increase the global mean salinity. However, a strong restoring salinity term under the sea ice can reduce the global mean salinity. The authors also found that adopting simulated SSS in the virtual salt flux instead of constant reference salinity improved the simulation of AMOC, whose strength became closer to that observed.
基金National Key Lab for Electronic Measurement and Technology,North University of China(No.9140C120401080C12)
文摘For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force (MEMF) of planar magnetic induction coil (PMIC) is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable magnetic field. Under a reasona-ble assumption, the MEMF of PMIC is simplified after the aforementioned general formula is used to calculate high spinning PMIC in the geomagnetic field environment. The determination approach of half-cycle is discussed and the method of rotation speed test is studied, and a test is conducted in the paper. The rotation speed curve obtained by the approach in this paper is consistent with the curve by telemetry.
文摘Maximum androgen blockade (MAB), consisting of an antiandrogen plus either a luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone agonist (LHRHA) or orchiectomy, is a standard care for patients with prostate cancer. Although, clinical trial results have been equivocal, none has shown a significant advantage in favor of MAB over castration alone in metastatic prostate cancer and MAB has been the subject of considerable controversy. The aim of this study was to compare MAB (orchiectomy or LHRHA"Goserelin") and anti-androgen "Bicalutamide" with castration alone (orchiectomy or LHRHA) in previ- ously untreated metastatic prostate cancer patients. Methods: Hundred eligible patients with adequate performance status and adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal functions were included. MAB arm, fifty patients underwent castration either surgically by orchiectomy or medically by receiving Goserelin (3.6 rag) depot, which was injected subcutaneously every 28 days plus bicalutamide 50 mg once daily. Castration alone arm, fifty patients underwent castration alone either surgically by orchiectomy or medically by receiving Goserelin (3.6 mg) depot. Results: During the period from January 2011 to January 2013, with a median follow up of 18 months (range 6 to 24 months), there were eight deaths (16%), in MAB arm and ten deaths (20%) in castration alone arm. At three months, there were 35 patients (70%) with prostate specific antigen (PSA) normalization (-〈 4 mg/dL) in MAB arm versus 17 patients (34%) with PSA normalization in castration alone arm (P = 0.001). The median progression free survival (PFS) times were 22.18 months (95% CI, 19.7 to 24.2 months) for MAB arm versus 22 months in castration alone arm (95% CI, 18 to 25.9 months; P = 0.045). The survival rates for MAB arm were 82% at 18 months and 70.6% at 24 months versus 78.7% at 18 months and 75.1% at 24 months in castration alone arm (P 〉 0.05). The median overall survival (OS) was not reached in either arm. Both hematological and non-hematological toxicities were com- parable in both arms. Conclusion: MAB significantly improves the PSA normalization rate at 12 weeks and PFS compared to castration alone with no significant difference in overall survival and with comparable acceptable toxicities. However further studies are needed to document such findings.