Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transform...Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transformation. Lead transfer and the distribution of chemical species throughout the anthropogenic flow were identified in 2010 in China. The results show that 1.85 Mt lead ore was consumed(besides 1.287 Mt imported concentrated ore and 1.39 Mt lead scraps. After undergoing transformations, 3.53 Mt lead entered end services in chemical species of Pb, Pb O2 and PbSO4, altogether accounting for over 80% of the total lead products. Finally, 2.10 Mt ore was emitted into the environment in such species as PbSO4(26%), PbO(19%) and Pb(15%). Lead transfer begins in primary raw material sectors, and then transfers to manufacturing sectors. Lead provides services mainly in such industrial sectors as transportation, electrical power and buildings or construction.展开更多
The price of fuel oil continues to rise, decreased supplies oil at the other side, both factors increase the interest of researchers to conduct research related to fuel efficiency. Therefore the aim of this study is t...The price of fuel oil continues to rise, decreased supplies oil at the other side, both factors increase the interest of researchers to conduct research related to fuel efficiency. Therefore the aim of this study is to improve the efficiency fuel of diesel engine using fuel filter. The method used for the research is testing the most efficient fuel filters made of coil wire coil winding 5,000, the three distinguished from the coil core diameter of 44.5, 28.5 and 17.5 mm in diesel engine. The performance test was conducted from 1,100 rpm to 1,700 rpm, the throttle opening of 30%-60%. The first testing was done by creating a constant speed 1,500 rpm and throttle opening varies from 30% to 60%, further testing is done by varying the rpm start from 1,100 rpm to 1,700 rpm to make constant valve 40% and 60%.展开更多
The precise hydraulic valve is widely used in various industrial fields like aircraft, automobile and general machinery. Linear actuator is the most important device for driving the precise hydraulic valve. The reliab...The precise hydraulic valve is widely used in various industrial fields like aircraft, automobile and general machinery. Linear actuator is the most important device for driving the precise hydraulic valve. The reliable operation of linear actuator has effects on the overall hydraulic system. The performance of linear actuator relies on frequency response and step response according to arbitrary input signal. In this paper, the analysis for the components of linear actuator is performed to satisfy the reliable operation and response characteristics through the reliability analysis, and also deducted the design equations to realize the reliable operation and fast response characteristics of voice coil type linear actuator for servo valve operation through the empirical knowledge of experts and electromagnetic theories. The design equations are suggested to determine the values of design parameters of linear actuator as like bobbin size, length of yoke and plunger and turn number of coil, and calculated the life test time of linear actuator for verification of reliability of the prototype. In addition, for reducing the life test time, the acceleration model of linear actuator is proposed and the acceleration factor is calculated considering the field operating conditions. And then, the achieved design values are verified through accelerated life test and performance tests using some prototypes of linear actuators adapted in servo valve.展开更多
Satellite gravity data of the regional rheological structure of the lithosphere in the vicinity of Sumatra is used as evidence to enable a better understanding of the regional geodynamic environment.The data is interp...Satellite gravity data of the regional rheological structure of the lithosphere in the vicinity of Sumatra is used as evidence to enable a better understanding of the regional geodynamic environment.The data is interpreted using the theory of post-seismic viscoelastic relaxation.Coand post-seismic changes in the gravity field resulting from the 2004 M w 9.3 Sumatra earthquake were calculated from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data.A spatial Gaussian filter,500 km wide,was used in the calculation.The results indicate that there were significant co-seismic jumps in both uplifted and subducted regions.The magnitude of the jump in the subducted zone was ～9 10 8 m/s 2,more significant than the ～2 10 8 m/s 2 jump observed in the uplifted zone.However,a positive gravity change occurred in the uplifted zone very soon after the earthquake.The rheological structure of the lithosphere has a great effect on deformation and its determination is a fundamental part of developing reliable numerical simulations in geodynamics.Based on the temporally-variable gravity field observed by GRACE,the viscous lithospheric structure of the Sumatra area is investigated with a self-gravitating,half space,viscoelastic earth model.The estimated viscosity is of the order of 1.0 10 18 Pa·s and there are differences in the rheological parameters on the two sides of the fault.The factors that affect the viscosity are discussed in connection with the tectonic structure of the Sumatra area.展开更多
基金Project(41171361)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Information on lead redistribution and speciation changes in anthrosphere can help to analyze the whole lead cycle on the earth. Lead life cycle was traced based on the concepts of anthropogenic transfer and transformation. Lead transfer and the distribution of chemical species throughout the anthropogenic flow were identified in 2010 in China. The results show that 1.85 Mt lead ore was consumed(besides 1.287 Mt imported concentrated ore and 1.39 Mt lead scraps. After undergoing transformations, 3.53 Mt lead entered end services in chemical species of Pb, Pb O2 and PbSO4, altogether accounting for over 80% of the total lead products. Finally, 2.10 Mt ore was emitted into the environment in such species as PbSO4(26%), PbO(19%) and Pb(15%). Lead transfer begins in primary raw material sectors, and then transfers to manufacturing sectors. Lead provides services mainly in such industrial sectors as transportation, electrical power and buildings or construction.
文摘The price of fuel oil continues to rise, decreased supplies oil at the other side, both factors increase the interest of researchers to conduct research related to fuel efficiency. Therefore the aim of this study is to improve the efficiency fuel of diesel engine using fuel filter. The method used for the research is testing the most efficient fuel filters made of coil wire coil winding 5,000, the three distinguished from the coil core diameter of 44.5, 28.5 and 17.5 mm in diesel engine. The performance test was conducted from 1,100 rpm to 1,700 rpm, the throttle opening of 30%-60%. The first testing was done by creating a constant speed 1,500 rpm and throttle opening varies from 30% to 60%, further testing is done by varying the rpm start from 1,100 rpm to 1,700 rpm to make constant valve 40% and 60%.
文摘The precise hydraulic valve is widely used in various industrial fields like aircraft, automobile and general machinery. Linear actuator is the most important device for driving the precise hydraulic valve. The reliable operation of linear actuator has effects on the overall hydraulic system. The performance of linear actuator relies on frequency response and step response according to arbitrary input signal. In this paper, the analysis for the components of linear actuator is performed to satisfy the reliable operation and response characteristics through the reliability analysis, and also deducted the design equations to realize the reliable operation and fast response characteristics of voice coil type linear actuator for servo valve operation through the empirical knowledge of experts and electromagnetic theories. The design equations are suggested to determine the values of design parameters of linear actuator as like bobbin size, length of yoke and plunger and turn number of coil, and calculated the life test time of linear actuator for verification of reliability of the prototype. In addition, for reducing the life test time, the acceleration model of linear actuator is proposed and the acceleration factor is calculated considering the field operating conditions. And then, the achieved design values are verified through accelerated life test and performance tests using some prototypes of linear actuators adapted in servo valve.
基金supported by the Basic Research Project of Institute of Earthquake Science,China Earthquake Administration(Grant No.02092422)the National Key Technology Research&Development Program of China(Grant No.2008BAC35B05)
文摘Satellite gravity data of the regional rheological structure of the lithosphere in the vicinity of Sumatra is used as evidence to enable a better understanding of the regional geodynamic environment.The data is interpreted using the theory of post-seismic viscoelastic relaxation.Coand post-seismic changes in the gravity field resulting from the 2004 M w 9.3 Sumatra earthquake were calculated from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data.A spatial Gaussian filter,500 km wide,was used in the calculation.The results indicate that there were significant co-seismic jumps in both uplifted and subducted regions.The magnitude of the jump in the subducted zone was ～9 10 8 m/s 2,more significant than the ～2 10 8 m/s 2 jump observed in the uplifted zone.However,a positive gravity change occurred in the uplifted zone very soon after the earthquake.The rheological structure of the lithosphere has a great effect on deformation and its determination is a fundamental part of developing reliable numerical simulations in geodynamics.Based on the temporally-variable gravity field observed by GRACE,the viscous lithospheric structure of the Sumatra area is investigated with a self-gravitating,half space,viscoelastic earth model.The estimated viscosity is of the order of 1.0 10 18 Pa·s and there are differences in the rheological parameters on the two sides of the fault.The factors that affect the viscosity are discussed in connection with the tectonic structure of the Sumatra area.
