径流驱动土壤分离过程的影响因素及机制研究进展

土壤侵蚀包括土壤分离、泥沙输移和泥沙沉积3个子过程,研究这些过程发生、发展的水力、地形、土壤及地表特性等临界条件及各过程间相互影响、相互制约的机制,是建立土壤侵蚀过程模型继而准确预报土壤侵蚀的基础。为加强对径流驱动土壤分离过程的认识,推动土壤侵蚀过程与机理的研究,从径流水动力学特性、土壤特性、近地表特性、土壤分离过程的时空变异特性等方面对径流驱动的土壤分离过程影响因素及机制进行了总结和梳理,在此基础上,从土壤分离过程研究的时空尺度、土壤分离过程的动力学机制、细沟发育及其形态特征、网络结构对土壤分离过程的影响机制、土壤分离与泥沙输移的耦合机制、土壤分离测定方法与标准、土壤侵蚀阻力参数获取与预报等方面,展望了该领域有待深化的问题及今后的发展方向。

黄土坡面径流剥离土壤的水动力过程研究

坡面土壤侵蚀是径流冲刷和坡面抗蚀作用以及地面物质补充能力之间相互作用的复杂过程。本研究采用野外实地放水冲刷实验,研究了20°裸地(CK)及鱼鳞坑(YLK)、苜蓿草地(MXCD)、秸秆覆盖(JGFG)径流调控措施坡面薄层水流剥离土壤颗粒的水动力学过程,并运用水流切应力、单位水流功率、径流动能三种理论进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)对于裸地和调控措施坡面,输沙率与径流剪切力、径流功率之间均呈现良好线性关系,与水流动能之间呈现良好对数关系;土壤侵蚀发生时均存在临界切应力和临界功率。(2)随放水流量增加,坡面流速迅速增大,导致水流切应力、单位水流功率、径流动能增大,进而水流对土壤颗粒的剥离能力增强,最终土壤侵蚀加剧。总之,三种理论在描述土壤侵蚀过程时各具特点,径流切应力更能详细地揭示土壤颗粒分离过程,而径流动能及功率理论更能简便、准确地描述坡面土壤侵蚀过程。

Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate （PHA） by Hydrogenophaga sp. Isolated from Soil Environment during Batch Fermentation

In this work, sucrose utilizing microbes from soil were screened to evaluate their ability for accumulation of biopolymer of polyhydroxyalkanoate （PHA）. Among 72 isolates were transferred to mineral salt medium （MSM）, 33 strains can be grown on sucrose agar medium. However, only one strain showed a strong black color for Sudan Black and gave positive result for Nile blue A. Identification by 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence homology of the isolate showed very closely to Hydrogenophaga sp. （99% identify）. To consider PHA production, the isolate was grown in the medium containing sucrose as a sole carbon under controlled conditions of 35 ℃ and at pH 7. Maximum dry cell weight （DCW） and PHA production were obtained at 3.61 g/L and 2.41 g/L after 36 and 42 h batch fermentation. Sucrose uptake measured in term of total organic carbon （TOC） showed at 14.73 g within 48 h. The highest PHA was 68.15% （gPHA/gDCW） giving maximum PHA yield （YP/s） of 0.17 （gPHA/gs ） and a productivity of 0.057 gPHA/L.h. This highlights the potential of microbial resources in soil environment and may be an exploitable application for the industrial production of PHA.