基于克里金算法的土壤水分三维建模

作物所需的无机营养绝大多数存在于土壤水分中,精确描述土壤水分在作物根系层的分布情况有利于监测作物的生长坏境。随着农业物联网技术在土壤水分监测方面应用日趋成熟,土壤含水量在监测点处数据采集较为方便,但整个土壤体中水分分布状况无法直接获取。本文利用克里金插值算法,结合监测点所采集的土壤水分数据,建立土壤水分分布的三维可视化模型,并通过采集的土壤含数量数据对该模型进行了验证。实验结果表明,该模型可有效表征土壤体中水分的空间分布状况。

基于EDEM-Fluent耦合的“淹没式”水射流冲击土壤仿真

喷水系统是挖藕机重要的组成部分,其结构参数对挖藕效率有很大影响。为了分析挖藕机喷水系统各种关键参数和土壤颗粒直径对土壤冲击效果的影响,提出一种基于EDEM-Fluent的方法。首先,通过Fluent模拟不同喷射角度、不同并排出水管个数条件下的多股水射流冲击土壤上方水层的过程,得到水射流冲击水层后速度衰减、方向变化情况;然后,利用EDEM-Fluent耦合模拟射流冲击不同颗粒直径的土壤的过程。仿真结果表明:随着出水管喷射角度的增大,射流穿过水层后速度减小,最大冲击深度减小;随着并排出水管个数的增多,射流穿过水层后的速度及土壤冲击深度先增长后减小;随着土壤颗粒直径增大,土壤冲击深度先增大后减小;在喷射角度30°、并排出水管个数7、土壤颗粒直径4mm时,对土壤的冲击效果最好。

四川盆地紫色丘陵区小流域水土流失建模与控制方法分析(英文)

该研究是在欧盟项目EroChiNut框架内实施的,其目的是利用不同土地利用形式、侵蚀敏感性矩阵以及土地管理和坡度研究土地管理模式对水土流失的影响。首先对不同土地管理模式进行分析以了解其对土壤流失的影响,其结果用来优化未来的土地利用方式。另外采用LISEM研究耕作方向对水土流失的影响。该研究运用23种作物和10个坡度建立侵蚀敏感性矩阵,它描述的是不同土地利用和坡度的平均土壤侵蚀强度。建立的矩阵可用于优化土地利用方式和扩大其使用范围。

基于注意力机制的LSTM和ARIMA集成方法在土壤温度中应用

为准确分析土壤温度特性问题,提出了基于注意力机制的多通道长短期记忆网络(LSTM)融合ARIMA算法的预测模型。通过提取长短期不同时刻重要时间特征,并利用ARIMA时间序列模型提取线性特征优势更准确预测土壤温度。为验证该模型,本文在瑞士两个气象站(Laegern和Fluehli气象站)测试了未来6、12和24 h内,同时间土壤深度5、10和15 cm下土壤温度的均方根误差、平均绝对误差、均方误差和决定系数,并以4个评价指标进行验证。与自回归综合移动平均模型、LSTM和全连接网络相比,本文模型具有最优性能,尤其在未来6 h内对Fluehli站(10 cm土壤深度)土壤温度模型中改善最为显著;取得了最高的相对决定系数值0.9965,最低的均方根误差为0.3414,平均绝对误差为0.2310,均方误差为0.1165。因此,本文模型可以作为备选土壤温度估计的替代方法。

Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition on Farmland in East China

Atmospheric sulfur deposition onto typical farmland in East China was investigated using both field measurements and numerical modeling. The field measurements were conducted at the Experiment Station of Red Soil Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 km from Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, East China, between November 1998 and October 1999, and at the Changshu Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a rapidly developing region of Jiangsu Province, East China, between April 2001 and Marc…

Effect of pile-cap connection on behavior of torsionally loaded pile groups

To evaluate the responses of fixed and pinned pile groups under torsion, a method is presented to analyze the nonlinear behavior of free-standing pile groups with rigid pile caps. The method is capable of simulating the nonlinear soil response in the near field usingp-y and r-θ curves, the far-field interactions through Mindlin＇s and Randolph＇s elastic solutions, and the coupling effect of lateral resistance on torsional resistance of the individual piles using an empirical factor. Based on comparisons of the solutions for fixed- and pinned-head, 1×2, 2×2, and 3×3 pile groups subjected to torsion, it was found that pile-cap connection significantly influences the torsional capacity of pile groups and the assignment of applied torques in the pile groups. In this study, the applied torques for the pinned-head pile groups are only 44%-64% of those for the corresponding fixed-head pile groups at a twist angle of 2^o. Such a difference is mainly due to the change of the lateral resistances of individual piles in the groups.

Modeling Nitrogen Mineralization in Paddy Soils of Shanghai Region

Six paddy soils of Shanghai, China, were studied after 120 days of anaerobicincubation at 25 deg C and 35 deg C. Four models, the effective accumulated temperature model, theone-component first-order exponential model (the one-pool model), the two-component first-orderexponential model (the two-pool model), and the two-component first-order plus zero-orderexponential model including a constant term (the special model), were fitted to the data of observedmineral-N during incubation using non-linear regression procedures. The two-pool model and thespecial model gave the best fits amongst the four models, and parameters in the special model weremore reasonable than those in the other three. Results showed that the special model gave a betterprediction of nitrogen mineralization under flooded conditions than the other three models.

Soil Organic Matter Mapping by Decision Tree Modeling

Based on a case study of Longyou County, Zhejiang Province, the decision tree, a data mining method, was used to analyze the relationships between soil organic matter (SOM) and other environmental and satellite sensing spatial data. The decision tree associated SOM content with some extensive easily observable landscape attributes, such as landform, geology, land use, and remote sensing images, thus transforming the SOM-related information into a clear, quantitative, landscape factor-associated regular syst…

Modeling for Volatilization and Bioremediation of Toluene-contaminated Soil by Bioventing

A two-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the flow,transport and biodegradation of toluene during bioventing （BV） processes in the unsaturated zones.The simulation for a single well BV system is used to illustrate the effect of air injection rate on remediation efficiency.The air is injected into the vadose zone to create a positive pressure.Simulation results show that air injection rate is a primary parameter governing the dispersal,redistribution and surface loss of contaminant.At injection rates of 81.504 m3·d-1 （Run 1） and 407.52 m3·d-1 （Run 2）,the total removed mass of toluene is 169.14 kg and 170.59 kg respectively.Ratios of volatilization to bio-degradation in Run 1 and Run 2 are 0.57︰1 and 0.89︰1,respectively,indicating that lower air injection rate enhances the biodegradation efficiency greatly.Air injection rate should be optimized to meet oxygen demand and to minimize the operational cost.

A GIS-based Modeling Approach for Fast Assessment of Soil Erosion by Water at Regional Scale, Loess Plateau of China

The objective of this study is to develop a unique modeling approach for fast assessment of massive soil erosion by water at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau, China. This approach relies on an understanding of both regional patterns of soil loss and its impact factors in the plateau area. Based on the regional characteristics of precipitation, vegetation and land form, and with the use of Landsat TM and ground investigation data, the entire Loess Plateau was first divided into 3 380 Fundamental Assessment Units （FAUs） to adapt to this regional modeling and fast assessment. A set of easily available parameters reflecting relevant water erosion factors at a regional scale was then developed, in which dynamic and static factors were discriminated. Arclnfo GIS was used to integrate all essential data into a central database. A resulting mathematical model was established to link the sediment yields and the selected variables on the basis of FAUs through overlay in GIS and multiple regression analyses. The sensitivity analyses and validation results show that this approach works effectively in assessing large area soil erosion, and also helps to understand the regional associations of erosion and its impact factors, and thus might significantly contribute to planning and policymaking for a large area erosion control in the Loess Plateau.

Factors Controlling Deoxygenation of "Floodwater" Overlying an Acid Sulfate Soil: Experimental Modeling

An incubation experiment was conducted to simulate the effect of flooding onwater deoxygenation in acid sulfate soil floodplain systems. The originally oxygenated 'floodwater'could be deoxygenated immediately following 'flooding' and it is likelythat this was caused mainlyby decomposition of organic debris from the inundated plants. Deoxygenation eventually led to thedepletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the 'floodwater' and it is highly possible that this resultedin the transformations of ferric Fe to ferrous Fe, sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. and organic nitrogento ammonia (ammonification). The accumulation of these reduced substances allows the 'floodwater'to develop DO-consuming capacity (DOCC). When the 'floodwater' is mixed with the introducedoxygenated water, apart from the dilution effects, the reduced substances contained in the'floodwater' oxidize to further consume DO carried by the introduced water. However, it appears thatthe DO drop in the mixed water can only last for a few hours if no additional DO-depleted'floodwater' is added. Entry of atmospheric oxygen into the water can raise the DO level of themixed water arid lower water pH through the oxidation of the reduced substances.

Uncertainty Assessment of Soil Erosion Model Using Particle Filtering

Recent advances in computer with geographic information system(GIS) technologies have allowed modelers to develop physics-based models for modeling soil erosion processes in time and space.However, it has been widely recognized that the effect of uncertainties on model predictions may be more significant when modelers apply such models for their own modeling purposes.Sources of uncertainty involved in modeling include data, model structural, and parameter uncertainty.To deal with the uncertain parameters of a catchment-scale soil erosion model(CSEM) and assess simulation uncertainties in soil erosion, particle filtering modeling(PF) is introduced in the CSEM.The proposed method, CSEM-PF, estimates parameters of non-linear and non-Gaussian systems, such as a physics-based soil erosion model by assimilating observation data such as discharge and sediment discharge sequences at outlets.PF provides timevarying feasible parameter sets as well as uncertainty bounds of outputs while traditional automatic calibration techniques result in a time-invariant global optimal parameter set.CSEM-PF was applied to a small mountainous catchment of the Yongdamdam in Korea for soil erosion modeling and uncertainty assessment for three historical typhoon events.Finally, the most optimal parameter sets and uncertainty bounds of simulation of both discharge and sediment discharge at each time step of the study events are provided.

Effects of Spatial Information of Soil Physical Properties on Hydrological Modeling Based on a Distributed Hydrological Model

The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.

基于EDEM-Fluent耦合的挖藕机喷水系统仿真优化

为分析挖藕机喷水系统各种关键参数对土壤冲击效果的影响,提出一种基于EDEM-Fluent的水射流冲击土壤仿真方法。在Fluent中模拟不同间距、不同喷射速度下多股水射流冲击水层时的速度衰减、方向变化情况;得出冲击水层后的速度后利用EDEM-Fluent耦合模拟射流以该速度冲击土壤1 s的效果。试验结果表明:随着出水管间距的增大,最大冲击深度减小,土壤颗粒速度减小;随着射流喷射速度的增大,最大冲击深度增大,土壤颗粒速度增大。在出水管间距8 mm、射流喷射速度30 m/s时对土壤的冲击效果最好。

A method to estimate crop effects at higher frequencies by modeling and microwave radiometric data

To use the 0th-order τ-ω model to retrieve soil moisture from radiometric data at frequencies higher than the C band, the characteristics of the effective single scattering albedo ω and the opacity rof vegetation must be studied. In this paper, the co and r values of corn for the C, X, and Ku bands were retrieved by matching the simulations of a high-order matrix-doubling model to the τ-ω model. First, the brightness temperature of the matrix-doubling was validated by a truck-mounted radiometer in a field experiment, where the vegetation emission contributions were validated with aluminum foil to mask the soil emission. Then an emissivity database of corn fields for different growing seasons was established for a variety of soil conditions. With the transmissivity of corn determined from the database, the effective single scattering albedos of corn for different heights at the C, X, and Ku bands and at a 55° viewing angle were derived. To verify the accuracy of the derived co and τ values, we used SMEX02/PSR aircraft data and the Qp model to retrieve the soil moisture; the RMSE between the retrieval and the measurements was 4.76% at the C band and 5.36% at the X band.

Reasonable management of perennial planting grassland contributes to positive succession of soil microbial community in Sanjiangyuan of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Grassland reconstruction is a major approach to alleviate the‘black beach’in Sanjiangyuan of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is vital to understand how to manage the planting grassland after reconstruction.And which artificial grassland management pattern is more likely to restore the degraded grassland of‘black beach?’To provide the scientific basis for the restoration of‘black beach’,we investigated the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of planting grassland under different management patterns,and explored the effect of the management patterns on community succession of planting grassland.In this study,vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical properties were measured by field investigation and laboratory analyses,respectively.Soil microbial community composition was determined by high-throughput sequencing techniques.The results showed that there were significant differences in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of the planting grassland under different management patterns.Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were mainly controlled by vegetation plant species diversity,aboveground biomass(AGB)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Shannon-Wiener index,AGB and SOC peaked and the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants annotated by Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were significantly enriched under the management pattern of the planting once treatment.Additionally,the soil had the highest bacterial diversity and the lowest fungal diversity under the planting once treatment,becoming a‘bacterial’soil.These vegetation characteristics and soil environment were more conducive to overall positive community succession,indicating that the planting once treatment is the most reasonable management pattern for restoring the‘black beach’.

Estimation of Soil Carbon Input in France: An Inverse Modelling Approach

Development of a quantitative understanding of soil organic carbon （SOC） dynamics is vital for management of soil to sequester carbon （C） and maintain fertility, thereby contributing to food security and climate change mitigation. There are well-established process-based models that can be used to simulate SOC stock evolution; however, there are few plant residue C input values and those that exist represent a limited range of environments. This limitation in a fundamental model component （i.e., C input） constrains the reliability of current SOC stock simulations. This study aimed to estimate crop-specific and environment-specific plant-derived soil C input values for agricultural sites in France based on data from 700 sites selected from a recently established French soil monitoring network （the RMQS database）. Measured SOC stock values from this large scale soil database were used to constrain an inverse RothC modelling approach to derive estimated C input values consistent with the stocks. This approach allowed us to estimate significant crop-specific C input values （P 〈 0.05） for 14 out of 17 crop types in the range from 1.84 =h 0.69 t C ha-1 year-1 （silage corn） to 5.15 =k 0.12 t C ha-1 year-1 （grassland/pasture）. Furthermore, the incorporation of climate variables improved the predictions. C input of 4 crop types could be predicted as a function of temperature and 8 as a function of precipitation. This study offered an approach to meet the urgent need for crop-specific and environment-specific C input values in order to improve the reliability of SOC stock prediction.

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SALT TRANSPORT IN THE SINGLE CYLINDRICAL ROOT WITH FINITE LENGTH

A mathematical model for salt transport by a cylindrical root in an infinite extent of soil is derived and solved analytically by asymptotic matching of the inner and outer solutions. By asymptotic analysis it is shown that the salt solution uptake by a single cylindrical root in the absence of competition does not influence the overall salt concentration in the soil even when the soil moisture concentration is less than full saturation.