土壤悬液培养法研究长期施肥下花生根际解磷菌溶磷特性

基于长期野外定位试验和室内土壤悬液培养,研究长期不同有机与无机肥料配施(纯化肥(NPK)、化肥与厩肥配施(NPKM)和化肥与稻草秸秆配施(NPKS))下,花生根际土壤解磷菌对Ca_3(PO_4)_2(Ca-P)、FePO_4(Fe-P)和AlPO_4(Al-P)的溶解特性。结果表明:有机无机肥配施促进了解磷菌的繁殖,在Ca-P和Fe-P固体NBRIP(国际植物研究所磷酸盐生长培养基)培养基中,NPKM处理可培养解磷菌密度分别为6.15和5.80 log(cfu g-1 dry soil),高于其他处理。在分别以Ca-P、Fe-P和Al-P为唯一磷源的NBRIP液体培养基中添加土壤悬液培养9 d发现,NPKM处理对Fe-P和Al-P的最高溶磷量分别为221.8 mg kg^(-1)和205.5 mg kg^(-1);NPKS处理对Ca-P的溶解有明显的优势。相比于单一菌株,解磷菌溶磷能力无绝对优势,但更能反映田间复杂条件下实际溶磷效果。通过土壤悬液培养法,从微生物群体角度发现:长期无机肥和厩肥配施更能促进花生根际解磷菌的繁殖以及对无机磷的溶解,从而改善土壤缺磷状况,提高花生生物量和产量。

粒径分析中吸取土壤样品悬液的新方法

许多土壤实验室用吸管法进行粒径分析。可是,对于吸取特定深度的样品悬液,该法仍嫌麻烦和费时。本文介绍一种较快速而容易的方法,用注射器水平地穿过量筒管壁上圆孔的隔片吸取土壤样品悬液(粘粒和粉砂)。比较注射器新法和吸管法,两种方法精确性相同,但注射器法具有较易操作和时间效率较高的优点,因而它特别适用于系列分析。

砂质多孔介质中土壤颗粒的迁移

通过室内模拟试验，研究了不同土壤悬液浓度和不同多孔介质组成条件下土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中的截留和迁出特征，以揭示土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中的迁移特征。结果表明，土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中迁移时会受到土壤颗粒粒级、浓度和介质组成的影响。截留作用在土壤颗粒通过砂质多孔介质时起主导作用，土壤颗粒截留比例随着土壤颗粒浓度的增大逐渐增加；而随着多孔介质中粗砂比例的增大，其逐渐降低。土壤总颗粒、＞50 μm和1-50 μm土壤颗粒迁出量分别与该粒级相应投入量呈幂函数增加趋势，而＜1 μm土壤颗粒的迁出量与其投入量呈线性增加趋势。土壤总颗粒迁出量与介质中粗砂比例之间存在线性增加关系。因此，多孔介质组成、颗粒粒径和浓度在土壤颗粒迁移过程中起着重要作用，在多孔介质中土壤颗粒和污染物迁移研究方面需要充分考虑这些因素。

一种解磷菌剂的研制及其应用效果

利用C53组合设计对5株具有较强溶磷能力的解磷细菌进行混合发酵,得到具有良好协同作用的菌株组合(Bc、Bs、Ap1),通过正交试验确定其降解土壤中难溶性磷的最佳接种量为Bc2%、Bs6%、Ap16%.按此接种比例,在解磷菌剂发酵培养基中接种各菌株,并将其在温度为30℃、摇床转速为140r?min-1条件下培养28h,即制得解磷菌剂,并进行白菜盆栽试验,结果表明该菌剂对白菜根长、株高及地上部鲜质量均具有良好的促进作用.

初始pH值对碱性和酸性水稻土微生物铁还原过程的影响

酸碱度(pH值)是水稻土铁还原过程的重要影响因素之一。通过模拟水稻土淹水厌氧培养,以Al2(SO4)3和Na2CO3溶液分别调节碱性和酸性水稻土pH值至强酸性(pH值<5.0)、酸性(pH值5.0—6.5)、中性(pH值6.5—7.5)、碱性(pH值7.5—8.5)、强碱性(pH值>8.5),以此来研究5种初始pH值对水稻土泥浆铁还原过程的影响;通过微生物群落厌氧培养研究了2种水稻土菌悬液在6种pH值条件下的铁还原能力差异。结果表明,碱性水稻土铁还原潜势(a)、最大铁还原速率(V max)随初始pH值的降低而下降,而达到最大铁还原速率所需的时间(T Vmax)则延长。提高酸性水稻土初始pH值使铁还原V max增加而T Vmax缩短,但土壤中无定形氧化铁均能还原,初始pH值与V max具有显著正相关关系。碱性和酸性水稻土的土壤菌悬液在试验pH值范围内厌氧培养,其铁还原能力在培养初期差异不显著,但培养后期的差异明显,且最终都能把培养液中氧化铁完全还原。随着初始pH值升高T Vmax延长,V max则降低,且均显著负相关,但碱性水稻土微生物群落的V max在pH值6.00时最大。初始pH值和土壤类型对水稻土铁还原过程具有显著影响,且对土壤菌悬液微生物群的铁还原具有一定影响。

作物根际微生物组重组构建技术体系探讨

作物根际微生物组在作物的生长发育和抵抗逆境胁迫方面扮演着非常重要的角色。根际微生物组的改良、重组及构建对于提高作物抗逆性能具有重要意义。以提高作物抗病能力为例,初步探讨了三种作物根际微生物组重组构建技术体系,分别为土壤菌悬液接种法、作物间作/套种法及土壤记忆法,从理论层面和实际应用方面阐述了技术体系的特点和应用可能,为未来农业可持续发展中根际微生物组的应用提供依据。

Interactions of Cations with Electrodialyzed Clay Fraction of Soils as Inferred from Wien Effect in Soil Suspensions

The electrical conductivities (ECs) of suspensions containing 25 and 30 gkg^(-1) solids prepared from the electrodialyzed clay fraction (< 2μm in diameter) of latosol,yellow-brown soil, and black soil, dispersed in various nitrate solutions having concentrations of 1X 10^(-4)/z mol L^(-1), where z is the valence, and in distilled water, were measured at fieldstrengths ranging from 14 kV cm^(-1) to 210 kV cm^(-1). On the basis of analyses of the chargedensity and exchangeable ion composition on the surfaces of soil particles in the suspensions, andof the characters of the EC-field strength curves of the various suspensions, it was inferred thatthe increment of EC (ΔEC) and/or relative electrical conductivity (REC) can indicate the bondingstrength between cations and soil particles. The bonding strengths of various cations with the soilsdiminished in the order: K^+ > Zn^(2+) > Mg^(2+) = Ca^(2+) > Na^+ for latosol, Ca^(2+) > Zn^(2+) >Mg^(2+) = K^+ > Na^+ for yellow-brown soil, and Zn^(2+) ≥ Ca^(2+) ≥ Mg^(2+) > K^+ > Na^+ for blacksoil.

Wien Effect in Suspensions of Electrodialyzed Soil Particles and Its Influencing Factors

The electrical conductivity of suspensions and their supernatants from theelectrodialyzed clay fractions of latosol, yellow-brown soil and black soil equilibrated withnitrate solutions were determined at different field strengths using a short high-voltage pulseapparatus to demonstrate the Wien effect in soil suspensions and to investigate factors affectingit. It was found that Wien effect was much stronger in suspensions with a clay content of 30 gkg^(-1) from the soils equilibrated with a 1 X 10^(-4) KNO_3 solution than in their supernatants.The threshold field strength (TFS), at which the relative conductivity is equal to 1.05, i.e., theWien effect begins to be obvious, of the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay content of 30 gkg^(-1)) equilibrated with different nitrate solutions of a concentration of 1 X 10^(-4)/z molL^(-1), where z is the valence, varied with the type of nitrates, being lowest for NaNO_3 (47 kVcm^(-1)) and highest for Ca(NO_3)_2 (98 kV cm^(-1)). At high field strengths (larger than 130 kVcm^(-1)), the relative conductivities of yellow-brown soil suspensions containing different nitratesdiminished in the order: NaNO_3 > KNO_3 > Mg(NO_3)_2 > Zn(NO_3)_2 > Ca(NO_3)_2. The rates andintensities of the Wien effect in the suspensions of the three soils equilibrated with 5 X 10^(-5)mol L^(-1) Ca(NO_3)_2 solution were in the order of the yellow-brown soil > the latosol > the blacksoil. The results for the yellow-brown soil suspensions (clay concentration of 30 g kg )equilibrated with KNO_3 solutions of various concentrations clearly demonstrated that the moredilute the solution, the lower the TFS, and the larger the relative conductivity of the suspensionsat high field strengths. The results for yellow-brown soil suspensions with different clayconcentrations indicated that as the clay concentration increased, the low field electricalconductivity, EC_0, also increased, but the TFS decreased, and the Wien effect increased.

Capacities of Clay Fraction of a Latosol to Retain Cations and Anions as Inferred from the Wien Effect in Soil Suspensions

Suspensions of a latosol with a clay concentration of 30 g kg^(-1) wereprepared from electrodialyzed clay fractions, less than 2 μm in diameter, five nitrate solutionswith a concentration of 1 X 10^(04)/z mol L^(-1), where z is the valence, and five sodium saltsolutions with a concentration of 3.3 X 10^(-5)/2 mol L^(-1). The direct current (DC) electricalconductivities (ECs) of the colloidal suspensions were measured at a constant temperature of 25 ℃,using a newly established method of measuring the Wien effect in soil suspensions at field strengthsranging from 13.5 to 150 kV cm^(-1), to determine their electrical conductivity-field strengthrelationships and to infer the order of the bonding strength (retaining force) between soilparticles and various ions. The measurements with the latosol suspensions in NaNO_3, KNO_3,Ca(NO_3)_2, Mg(NO_3)_2 and Zn(NO_3)_2 solutions resulted in increments of the suspension ECs, ΔECs,of 7.9, 5.0, 7.1, 7.0 and 5.8 μS cm^(-1), respectively, when the applied field strength increasedfrom 14.5 to 142 kV cm^(-1). As for the suspensions in NaNO_3, NaCl, Na_2SO_4, Na_3PO_4 andNa_3AsO_4 solutions, the ΔECs were 6.2, 5.3, 4.1, 4.0 and 3.7μS cm^(-1), respectively, when theapplied field strength increased from 13.5 to 90 kV cm^(-1). Thus, it can be deduced that theretaining forces of the clay fraction of the latosol for the cations were in the descending orderK^+ > Zn^(2+) > Mg^(2+) ≥ Ca^(2+) > Na^+, and for the anions in the descending order H_2AsO_4^- >H_2PO_4^-≥ SO_4^(2-) > Cl^- > NO_3~ -.

Direct Determination of Potassium-Sodium Activity Ratio in Soil Suspension with Two Ion-Selective Electrodes

A K+-selective electrode and a Na+-selective electrode were used to construct a measuring cell without liquid-junction for the determination of the ion activity ratio of K+ to Na+ in soil suspensions. The measured cell potential was not affected by the total electrolyte concentration when the total cation concentration was 10-1-10-3 mol L-1 and the concentration ratio CK+ / CNa+. was 10:1 to 1:50. When the concentration ratios were equal to 1and the total electrolyte concentrations were 10-2 and 10-3 mol L-1, the ion activity ratio measurement would not be affected by pH in the pH range of 3.5 to 11.5 and 4.4 to 11 respectively. Ions other than H+ have no remarkable influence on the measurement. The ion activity ratio of K+ to Na+ measured directly in soil suspension agree well with those in centrifuged supernant solution. The relative deviation was within 4%. From the measured ion activity ratio, the difference of the bonding energies of K+ and Na+ ions was calculated.

Effects of Humic Acid and Solution Ph on Dispersion of Na-and Ca-Soil Clays

Dispersed soil clays have a negative impact on soil structure and contribute to soil erosion and contaminant movement. In this study, two typical soils from the south of China were chosen for investigating roles of pH and humic acid (HA) on dispersion of soil clays. Critical flocculation concentration (CFC) of the soil clay suspension was determined by using light transmission at a wavelength of 600 um. The results indicated that effects of pH and HA on dispersion of the soil clays were closely related to the type of the major minerals making up the soil and to the valence of the exchangeable canons as well. At four rates of pH(4, 6, 8 and 10), the CFC for the Na-yellow-brown soil treated with H2O2 was increased from 0.32 to 0.56, 6.0 to 14.0,10.0 to 24.6 and 26.0 to 52.0 mmol L-1 NaCl, respectively when Na-HA was added at the rate of from 0 to 40 mg L-1. With the same Na-HA addition and three pH (6, 8 and 10) treatments, the CFC for the Na-red soil was increased from 0.5 to 20.0, 1.0 to 40.0 and 6.0 to 141.0 mmol L-1 NaCl, respectively. Obviously,pH and HA has greater effects on clay dispersion of the red soil(dominated by 1:1 minerals and oxides)than on that of the yellow-brown soil(dominated by 2: 1 minerals). However, at three rates of pH (6, 8 and 10) and with the addition of Ca-HA from 0 to 40 mg L-1, the CFC of the Ca-yellow-brown soil and Ca-red soil treated with H2O2 was increased from 0.55 to 0.81, 0.75 to 1.28, 0.55 to 1.45 and 0.038 to 0.266, 0.25 to 0.62, 0.7 to 1.6 mmol CaCl2 L-1, respectively. So, Na-soil clays are more sensitive to pH and HA than Ca-soil clays.

Adsorption of Phosphate on Variable Charge Soils

The study about the adsorption of phosphate on four variable charge soils and some minerals revealed that two stage adsorption appeared in the adsorption isotherms of phosphate on 4 soils and there was a maximum adsorption on Al-oxide-typed surfaces between pH 3.5 to pH 5.5 as suspension pH changed from 2 to 9, but the adsorption amount of phosphate decreased continually as pH rose on Fe-oxide typed surfaces. The adsorption amount of phosphate and the maximum phosphate adsorption pH decreased in the order of yellow-red soil > lateritic red soil > red soil > paddy soil, which was coincided with the content order of amorphous Al oxide. The removement of organic matter and Fe oxide made the maximum phosphate adsorption pH rise from 4.0 to 5.0 and 4.5, respectively. The desorption curves with pH of four soils showed that phosphate desorbed least at pH 5. Generally the desorption was contrary to the adsorption with pH changing. There was a good accordance between adsorption or desorption and the concentration of Al in the suspension. The possible mechanisms of phosphate adsorption are discussed.

Analysis of Percolation of the Stabilized Suspensions of TiO2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles in Soil Columns Simulating Landfill Layers

It studied the behavior of transport and stability of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles suspensions percolating through soil columns aiming at simulating municipal waste landfills covering soil layers performance. Experimental columns were constructed with landfill soils and water suspensions with nanoparticles percolation runs were carried out. The experimental columns were constructed with 100 mm and 200 mm of diameter and height, respectively. Outlet concentrations were measured along the percolation time using ICP-OES and nanoparticles tracking analyzer. It was observed that SiO2 nanoparticles acts as a stabilizer of TiO2 nanoparticles suspensions and promotes its transport through the soil columns, which simulates the conditions of the controlled landfills layers. The interaction of the suspensions of SiO2 nanoparticles with nanoparticles of TiO2, promote a high stability of the emulsions, which confers the high zeta potential present in SiO2 suspensions, promoting greater mobility and transport through the soil columns. The experimental results demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticles were kept suspended, even after 10 days, which indicates good stability. It was observed that both TiO2 and SiO2 were kept in suspensions with negligible nanoparticles clustering and decantation. It was confirmed that the TiO2 and SiO2 of the outflow of soil columns are strongly affected by the soil pH, organic carbon and clay content of the soils. It was observed that the soil columns behave as a retention barrier for both TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles.

Determination of Hg in soil by ultrasonic slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Ultrasonic aided slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry （USS-HG-AFS） was developed for the determination of Hg in soil samples from a sewage-irrigated farm. 500 mg grounded soil was suspended in agar solution by an ultrasound water bath before the HG-AFS determination. The results for the reference material of soil （serial number GBW-07411） agreed satisfactorily with the certified values. Results obtained by the developed procedure compared well with those after traditional acid digestion of samples. The detection limit are 6.7ngL-1 for Hg respectively, with average relative standard deviation values of 6.4% for analysis of a series of soil samples of different origin. The recoveries of the anatytes varied in the range from 95 to 107%. This observation has stimulated interest in fast, accurate and sensitive analytical methods for determination of metals in soil.

Effect of Different Bacterial-Feeding Nematode Species on Soil Bacterial Numbers,Activity,and Community Composition

The effects of bacterial-feeding nematodes on bacterial number, activity, and community composition were studied through a microcosm experiment using sterilized soil inoculated with soil bacteria （soil suspension） and with bacteria and three species of bacterial-feeding nematodes （ Cephalobus persegnis, Protorhabditis filiformis, and Caenorhabditis elegans）. Catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization, CO2 evolution, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of PCR ampli- fied 16S rRNA gene fragments were used to investigate bacterial numbers, antivity, and community composition, respectively. Our results showed that bacterial numbers and activity significantly increased in the presence of bacterial-feeding nematodes, which indicated that bacterial-feeding nematodes had a significant positive effect on soil bacteria. The different nematode species had different effects on bacterial numbers and activity. C. persegnis and P. filiformis, isolated from native soil, increased the bacterial number and activity more than C. elegans. The DGGE analysis results showed that dominant bacterial species significantly differed among the treatments, which suggested that bacterial-feeding nematode species modified the bacterial community composition in soil. Further gene sequence analysis results showed that the dominant bacterial species in this study were gram-negative bacteria. Given the completely same conditions except nematode species, the varied selective feeding behavior of different nematode species was the most likely reason for the altered bacterial community composition. Overall, the alteration of bacterial numbers, activity and community composition resulting from the bacterial-feeding nematodes may ult!mately affect soil ecological functioning and processes.

Profile Distributions of Dissolved and Colloidal Phosphorus as Affected by Degree of Phosphorus Saturation in Paddy Soil

Soil dissolved phosphorus (P) and colloidal P mobilization could be closely related to the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). Effects of a wide range of DPS on the distributions of dissolved P and colloidal P in a paddy soil profile were investigated in this study. Dissolved P and colloidal P in water-dispersible soil colloid suspension increased obviously with increasing DPS. The change point of DPS was at 0.12 by using a split-line model. Above the value, dissolved P (3.1 mg P kg-1 ) in soil profile would increase sharply and then transfer downward. Compared with dissolved P, colloidal P was the dominant fraction (78%-91%) of P in soil colloid suspension, and positively related to DPS without a significant change point. The high release of colloids in subsoils with low DPS was attributed to the low ionic strength and high pH value in subsoils. The DPS also had a significant and positive correlation with electrical conductivity (EC), but it showed a negative correlation with pH value. However, the concentration of colloidal P was not greatly correlated to the pH value, EC and optical density of the soil colloid suspension. The results indicated that DPS was an important factor that may affect the accumulation and mobilization of water-extractable colloidal P and dissolved P.