土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸速率的影响

通过对不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和有机酸的测定,旨在揭示土壤微生物和有机酸对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率大小顺序是:阔叶栎林>桦木林>落叶阔叶林>杨树林>冷杉林>红杉林>高山草甸。细菌和放线菌随海拔升高呈单峰变化趋势,土壤真菌数量随海拔升高而增多。土壤细菌和放线菌分别可以单独解释不同植被54.2%和70.57%的土壤呼吸速率变化。土壤低分子量有机酸中以草酸、柠檬酸为主,草酸和柠檬酸分别与细菌和放线菌均达到极显著相关,草酸、柠檬酸、细菌和放线菌与土壤呼吸均极显著正相关。

喀斯特不同植被恢复阶段土壤有机酸季节变化与有效氮磷的关系

植物分泌有机酸在提高土壤养分有效性方面起到重要作用。为了解喀斯特地区不同植被恢复阶段土壤有机酸含量季节性变化与氮磷有效性的关系,在灌木林和原生林各选择3种优势植物,测定雨季和旱季两个季节根际土和非根际土的有机酸含量、碳氮磷含量和比值、有效性氮磷含量及微生物生物量碳。结果表明:原生林植物根际土的草酸含量高于灌木林,而苹果酸和乙酸含量则低于灌木林;根际土草酸含量均高于非根际土;2个植被根际土和非根际土的草酸含量在雨季高于旱季,而苹果酸和乙酸含量则低于旱季;土壤草酸含量与有机碳、全氮、全磷和N∶P值呈显著正相关,与C∶N呈显著负相关;土壤有效氮和有效磷与草酸和微生物生物量碳呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,植物分泌有机酸的季节性变化与土壤养分状态和自身养分需求相关,而有机酸耦合微生物对养分有效性的提高具有积极的作用。因此,根际土的有机酸季节变化可能是喀斯特生态系统中植物适应土壤养分限制的一种重要机制。

油菜苗期耐盐碱性综合评价与根际土壤有机酸含量比较

为筛选耐盐碱油菜种质,研究有机酸在油菜抗盐碱过程中的生理作用,利用碱性盐(摩尔比为2:1的NaHCO_(3)和Na_(2)CO_(3)的混合物)进行处理,用模糊数学隶属函数分析法对8个油菜种质进行耐盐碱性综合评价,探究碱性盐耐性最强和最弱的油菜种质的根际土壤有机酸含量。结果表明,耐盐碱性综合评价为华油杂62>华双5号>崇2>16-P22外>青杂9号>金油158>17崇1>16-P32外。在碱性盐胁迫下耐性最强种质华油杂62和最弱种质16-P32外的根际土壤中检测到草酸、酒石酸、甲酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、乙酸、柠檬酸及琥珀酸8种有机酸。在碱性盐胁迫下,油菜根际土壤中草酸的积累量最高,抗坏血酸的积累量很低。华油杂62的各处理根际土壤有机酸含量总体高于16-P32外。

风沙土不同用量有机酸土壤调理剂应用效果综合评价

针对西北风沙土保水保肥能力差的问题,通过盆栽试验研究4个不同的有机酸土壤调理剂用量(0、20、40、60 g/kg)对西北障碍性土壤风沙土的水肥状况以及种植箭筈豌豆和玉米出苗率的影响,应用方差分析和主成分分析进行综合评价,为合理利用有机酸土壤调理剂改良风沙土理化性状提供理论基础。结果表明:施用有机酸土壤调理剂可以显著提高风沙土中有效态及全量氮、磷、钾养分含量以及有效养分占比。60 g/kg有机酸调理剂用量下种植箭筈豌豆和玉米,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较未施用处理分别提高167.01%、300.25%、74.32%和70.00%、212.84%、108.28%。作物生长期内水分蒸发散失量随着土壤调理剂用量的提升不断降低。调理剂用量60 g/kg时,种植箭筈豌豆和玉米的水分蒸发散失量较未施用调理剂处理分别显著下降22.43%和32.42%。但两种作物出苗率均随调理剂用量的提高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且在调理剂用量为20 g/kg时达到峰值。土壤盐分测定结果也显示除钾、钙、镁离子等有益元素外,钠离子和氯离子也随着调理剂用量的提升显著提高,但全盐含量差异不显著。利用主成分分析对15个指标进行综合分析,结果表明随着有机酸土壤调理剂用量的提升,综合评分不断提高。因此,风沙土上调理剂的最佳用量为60 g/kg。

杉木凋落物源有机酸对土壤磷有效性的影响

以不同林龄(10 a、22 a、34 a)杉木人工林为研究对象,测定其凋落物及土壤中有机酸的组成,比较不同林龄杉木林土壤酸度及不同形态磷的含量,分析杉木凋落物源有机酸对土壤磷有效性的影响。结果表明,在杉木凋落物中检测到草酸、丙二酸、苹果酸、反丁烯二酸、丁二酸及柠檬酸等6种低分子有机酸。其中,草酸含量最大,且凋落叶的有机酸含量最高。不同林龄杉木凋落物的有机酸含量表现为:34 a>22 a>10 a。在土壤中,仅检测到草酸这一凋落物源有机酸的优势有机酸,而不同林龄杉木林的土壤有机酸含量与凋落物一致,也随着林龄的增加而增加,并随着土层加深而减少。因土壤有机酸的存在,不同林龄杉木林土壤存在明显的酸化现象,且林龄越大pH值越低。土壤有效磷与有机酸变化规律一致,表现为:34 a>22 a>10 a,且随土层加深逐渐减少。O-P、Fe-P、Al-P与Ca-P等无机磷则反之,呈现10 a>22 a>34 a的变化规律。可见,不同林龄杉木林中土壤有机酸(主要是草酸)能降低土壤pH值,且有效促进土壤磷的活化,致使土壤有效磷含量的增加,而凋落物源有机酸是土壤有机酸的重要来源之一,对土壤磷有效性的提高起着重要作用。

不同用量有机酸土壤调理剂对土壤养分和作物生长的影响

针对西北地区土壤肥力下降、保水保肥能力差的问题,选用黄绵土和灌漠土两种土壤类型,以玉米和箭筈豌豆为指示作物,通过盆栽试验,研究施用0、20、40、60 g·kg^(-1)有机酸土壤调理剂对土壤养分和作物生长的影响。结果表明:施用有机酸土壤调理剂可以降低作物生育期土壤水分蒸发散失;显著提高土壤中有效养分含量,对磷素的提升效果尤为明显,较未施用有机酸土壤调理剂处理速效磷含量和占比最高,分别提高256.5%和227.4%。在黄绵土上,随着调理剂施用量的提高,玉米和箭筈豌豆的地上部干重均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,用量为20 g·kg^(-1)时达到最大值;当土壤调理剂用量超过20 g·kg^(-1)时,土壤全盐含量显著上升,箭筈豌豆出苗率显著下降。在灌漠土上,调理剂施用量对玉米土壤全盐含量的影响不显著,当调理剂用量为60 g·kg^(-1)时,箭筈豌豆土壤全盐含量显著提高;箭筈豌豆和玉米地上部干重分别在调理剂用量为40和60 g·kg^(-1)时最大。因此,在黄绵土上种植箭筈豌豆和玉米时调理剂的最佳施用量均为20 g·kg^(-1),在灌漠土上的最佳施用量分别为40和60 g·kg^(-1)。

几种低分子量有机酸对连作平邑甜茶幼苗光合与根系生长的影响

以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了田间实测浓度的有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸)对连作幼苗光合特性、叶片保护性酶活性以及根系生长的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,草酸可使平邑甜茶幼苗植株干质量和鲜质量分别增加24.12%和35.72%。叶片净光合速率、气孔导度分别提高32.27%和76.58%。并显著提高了过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。酒石酸则降低了平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的气孔导度40.22%,SOD、POD活性亦显著降低。试验结果还表明,柠檬酸和苹果酸也促进了平邑甜茶幼苗的生长。综上,在本试验条件下,草酸能够减轻平邑甜茶幼苗连作障碍现象,酒石酸有加重连作障碍趋势,柠檬酸和苹果酸对连作障碍不明显。

强还原和淹水处理对地黄连作障碍的消减效应

地黄是我国著名的大宗中药材,但是在其栽培过程中存在严重的连作障碍现象,至今尚未得到有效解决。为了开发地黄连作障碍消减技术,本文研究了强还原和淹水处理对连作地黄关键生长指标,连作土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构及其生物学功能的影响。结果表明,强还原和淹水处理提高了连作土壤中瘤胃球菌属和肠球菌属等厌氧异养型细菌的相对丰度,形成了富含Fe^(2+)和有机酸等抑制病原菌的土壤环境;其中,强还原处理后土壤中Fe^(2+)和有机酸含量比连作对照分别提高4.73倍和3.54倍,淹水处理后土壤中Fe^(2+)和有机酸含量比连作对照分别提高1.65倍和1.12倍。同时,假单胞菌属等益生菌群落在处理后的土壤中迅速重建。然而,强还原和淹水处理对土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响存在一定差异,二者对地黄连作障碍的消减效果也有所不同:添加秸秆等有机物的强还原处理后连作土壤的有机质含量、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均有所提高,而淹水处理效果不明显;淹水处理的细菌香农指数和Chao1指数均有所下降,强还原处理的细菌香农指数有所下降,而Chao1指数有所上升,且细菌群落组成的变化也有所不同。强还原和淹水处理均可有效提高连作地黄的存活率和产量,并且以强还原处理效果较优,其存活率和产量比连作对照分别提高1.94倍和4.04倍。因此,强还原和淹水处理能够改善连作土壤的理化性质及其微生物群落结构,达到消减地黄连作障碍的效果,有效提高连作地黄的存活率和产量。

Effect of root derived organic acids on the activation of nutrients in the rhizosphere soil

Four types of soils, including brown coniferous forest soil, dark brown soil, black soil, and black calic soil, sampled from three different places in northeast China were used in this test. The functions of two root-derived organic acids and water were simulated and compared in the activation of mineral nutrients from the rhizosphere soil. The results showed that the organic acids could activate the nutrients and the activated degree of the nutrient elements highly depended on the amount and types of the organic acid excreted and on the physiochemical and biochemical properties of the soil tested. The activation effect of the citric acid was obviously higher than that of malic acid in extracting Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn for all the tested soil types. However, the activation efficiencies of P, K, Ca, and Mg extracting by the citric acid were not much higher, sometimes even lower, than those by malic acid. The solution concentration of all elements increased with increase of amount of the citric acid added.

Effects of Exogenous Organic Acids on Dehydrogenase Activity in Dark Brown Forest Soils under Nutrient Deficiency

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous or-ganic acids on dehydrogenase activity in dark brown forest soils under nutrient defi-ciency. [Method] Different proportions of A1 and B horizon dark brown forest soils （A1∶B=1∶2） were utilized to establish soil conditions with nutrient deficiency for cultivation of Larix olgensis seedlings. The effects of oxalic acid, citric acid and succinic acid on dehydrogenase activity in dark brown forest soils under nutrient deficiency were studied systematical y by adding different concentrations of organic acid solutions. [Result] Under nutrient deficiency, dehydrogenase activity in dark brown forest soils was reduced significantly, and the reduction increased with the extension of stress duration. Most organic acid treatments improved dehydrogenase activity in nutrient-deficient dark brown forest soils, and the effects varied with different treatment du-ration and types and concentrations of organic acids. Furthermore, 10.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol/L organic acid treatments exhibited the most significant effects on day 10, 20 and 30, respectively. The increment of dehydrogenase activity in different durations showed a downward trend of 30 d〉20 d〉10 d; the improvement effects of three organic acids on dehydrogenase activity showed a downward trend of succinic acid〉 citric acid〉oxalic acid. [Conclusion] Exogenous organic acids improved signifi-cantly dehydrogenase activity in dark brown forest soils under nutrient deficiency and also improved the microbial activity and soil fertility to a certain extent.

Low-Molecular-Weight Aliphatic Acids in Soils Incubated with Plant Residues Under Different Moisture Conditions

Incubation experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamics of low- molecufar-weight aliphatic acids in two andosols with and without plant materials. Results showed that amount of low- molecular-weight aliphatic acids in soils alone varied considerably with water regime under which the soil was incubated,duration of incubation and soil organic matter content, ranging from 257-860 pmol kg-1 soil I of which 19%～33% was in free state. Incorporation of plant materials increased greatly both the amount and number of members of low- molecular- weight aliphaticacidst and also the proporticn of low-molec "far-weight aliphatic acids occurred in free state. Generally, among these aliphatic acids detected, acetic, propionic, glyoxalic and formic acids were predominant.

Cadmium Release in Contaminated Soils due to Organic Acids

There is limited information on the release behavior of heavy metals fromnatural soils by organic acids. Thus, cadmium release, due to two organic acids (tartrate andcitrate) that are common in the rhizosphere, from soils polluted by metal smeltersor tailings andsoils artificially contaminated by adding Cd were analyzed. The presence of tartrate or citrate at alow concentration (<= 6 mmol L^(-1) for tartrate and <= 0.5 mmol L^(-1) for citrate) inhibited Cdrelease, whereas the presence of organic acids in high concentrations (>= 2 mmol L^(-1) for citrateand >= 15 mmol L^(-1) for tartrate) apparently promoted Cd release. Under the same conditions, theCd release in naturally polluted soils was less than that of artificially contaminatedsoils.Additionally, as the initial pH rose from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate, a sequentialvalley and then peak appeared in the Cd release curve, while in the presence of tartrate the Cdrelease steadily decreased. In addition, Cd release was clearly enhanced as the electrolyteconcentration of KNO_3 or KC1 increased in the presence of 2 mmol L^(-1) tartrate. Moreover, ahigher desorption of Cd was shown with the KCl electrolyte compared to KNO_3 for the sameconcentration levels. This implied that the bioavailability of heavy metals could be promoted withthe addition of suitable types and concentrations of organic acids as well as reasonable fieldconditions.

Release of Soil Nonexchangeable K by Organic Acids

The amounts of soil nonexchangeable K extracted with 0.01 mL/ L oxalic acid and citric acid solutions and that with boiling 1 mL/ L HNO3 for ten minutes were remarkably significantly correlated with each other, and the amount extracted with the oxalic acid solution was higher than that with the citric acid solution. The soil nonexchangeable K release was comprised of two first-order kinetic processes. The faster one was ascribed to the interlayer K in outer sphere, while the slower one to that in inner sphere. The rate constants of the soil nonexchageable K were significantly correlated with the amounts of nonexchangeable K extracted with boiling ImL/ L HNO3 for ten minutes. Study on the fitness of different kinetic equations indicated that the first-order, parabolic diffusion and zero-order equations could all describe the release of soil nonexchangeable K. well, but Elovich equation was not suitable to describe it.

Mobilization of Phosphorus by Naturally Occurring Or－ganic Acids in Oxisols and Ultisols

Citric and malic acids at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 mmol/L were added to three Ultisolsand one Oxisol. The amount of P in solution increased with increasing organic acid concentrations, while theaniount of Fe- and Al-bound P decreased. This result suggested that naturally occurring products of organicmatter decomposition could increase the P availability to plants in soils where there is a relatively large poolof Fe- and Al-bound P.The interactions between citric and malic acids at the above concentrations. and P added at rates of10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg were determined. At zero levels of organic acids, all added P became either labileor bound, and greater proportions remained soluble as the concentration of organic acids increased, whichsuggested that organic acids reduced fixation of dissolved P in Fe- and AI-rich soils.Agricultural practices which increase organic matter input on P-deficient acid soiIs could decrease Pdeficiency. This would be important in many tropical and subtropical regions where these soils are common,and where the costs of fertilizers and lime are relatively high.

Effects of Organic Acids on Adsorption of Cadmium onto Kaolinite, Goethite, and Bayerite

Effects of organic acids (oxalic, acetic, and citric) on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium (Cd) on soil clay minerals (kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite) were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.

Dissolution of Aluminum in Variably Charged Soils as Affected by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids exist widely in soils and play an important role in soil processes such as mineral weathering, nutrient mobilization and A1 detoxification. In this research, a batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of aluminum in two variably charged soils, an Ultisol and an Oxisol. The results showed that the LMW organic acids enhanced the dissolution of A1 in the two investigated soils in the following order： citric 〉 oxalic 〉 malonic 〉 malic 〉 tartaric 〉 salicylic 〉 lactic 〉 maleic. This was generally in agreement with the magnitude of the stability constants for the Al-organic complexes. The effects of LMW organic acids on Al dissolution were greater in the Ultisol than in the Oxisol as compared to their controls. Also, the accelerating effects of citric and oxalic acids on dissolution of A1 increased with an increase in pH, while the effects of lactic and salicylic acids decreased. Additionally, when the organic acid concentration was less than 0.2 mmol L-I, the dissolution of A1 changed Iittle with increase in acid concentration. However, when the organic acid concentration was greater than 0.2 mmol L^-1,the dissolution of A1 increased with increase in acid concentration. In addition to the acid first dissociation constant and stability constant of Al-organic complexes, the promoting effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of A1 were also related to their sorption-desorption equilibrium in the soils.

Effect of Soil Moisture on Release of Low-Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Root Exudates and the Accu-mulation of Iron in Root Apoplasm of Peanut

A three-compartments rhizobox was designed and used to study the low-molecular-weight organic acids in root exudates and the root apoplastic iron of "lime-induced chlorosis" peanut grown on a calcareous soil in relation to different soil moisture conditions. Results showed that chlorosis of peanuts developed under condition of high soil moisture level (250 g kg-1), while peanuts grew well and chlorosis did not develop when soil moisture was managed to a normal level (150 g kg-1). The malic acid, maleic acid and succinic acid contents of chlorotic peanut increased by 108.723, 0.029 and 22.446 ig cm-2, respectively, compared with healthy peanuts. The content of citric acid and fumaric acid also increased in root exudates of chlorotic peanuts. On Days 28 and 42 of peanut growth, the accumulation of root apoplastic iron in chlorotic peanuts was higher than that of healthy peanuts. From Day 28 to Day 42, the mobilization percentages of chlorotic peanuts and healthy peanuts to root apoplastic iron were almost the same, being 52.4% and 52.8%, respectively, indicating that the chlorosis might be caused by the inactivation of iron within peanut plant grown on a calcareous soil under high soil moisture conditions.

Extraction and Characterization of Humic Acids and Humin Fractions from a Black Soil of China

Twenty-three progressive extractions were performed to study individual humic acids (HAs) and humin fractions from a typical black soil (Mollisol) in Heilongjiang Province, China using elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. After 23 HA extractions the residue was separated into high and low organic carbon humin fractions. HA yield was the highest for the first extraction and then gradually decreased with further extractions. Organic carbon (OC) of the humin fractions accounted for 58% of total OC …

Fractionation of Moderately and Highly Stable Organic Phosphorus in Acid Soil *1

The fractionation of moderately and highly organic phosphorus (P o) in acid soil was studied by two me thods. By the first method, after incubation for 40 d, the mineralization rates of eight constituents of stable P o in the soil were determined. By the second method, five constituents of precipitates of stable P o in the soil were separated, then the five precipitates were put back into the original soils and incubated for 40 d and 60 d. Then, mineralization rates of the five precipitates were determined. The same results were obtained by the two methods. When the pH of the alkali solution containing stable P o was adjusted from 3.00 to 3.10, the mineralization rate of moderately stable P o was rapidly raised. Therefore, the pH 3.00 is the critical point between moderately and highly stable P o.

Role of Low-Molecule-Weight Organic Acids and Their Salts in Regulating Soil pH

The process of organic materials increasing soil pH has not yet been fully understood. This study examined the role of cations and organic anions in regulating soil pH using organic compounds. Calcareous soil, acid soil, and paddy soil were incubated with different simple organic compounds, pH was determined periodically and CO2 emission was also measured. Mixing organic acids with the soil caused an instant decrease of soil pH. The magnitude of pH decrease depended on the initial soil acidity and dissociation degree of the acids. Decomposition of organic acids could only recover the soil pH to about its original level. Mixing organic salts with soil caused an instant increase of soil pH. Decomposition of organic salts of sodium resulted in a steady increase of soil pH, with final soil pH being about 2.7-3.2 pH units over the control. Organic salts with the same anions （citrate） but different cations led to different magnitudes of pH increase, while those having the same cations but different anions led to very similar pH increases. Organic salts of sodium and sodium carbonate caused very similar pH increases of soil when they were added to the acid soil at equimolar concentrations of Na^＋. The results suggested that cations played a central role in regulating soil pH. Decarboxylation might only consume a limited number of protons. Conversion of organic salts into inorganic salts （carbonate） was possibly responsible for pH increase during their decomposition, suggesting that only those plant residues containing high excess base cations could actually increase soil pH.