质地对土壤热性质的影响研究

土壤热性质是水热迁移研究中的重要参数之一。根据非稳态条件下热流方程的差分解和实测土壤温度资料计算了不同质地土壤的热扩散率 ,并得出了质地影响下的土壤导热率关系式。研究结果表明 ,对特定土壤而言 ,土壤导热率与含水率之间可建立幂函数关系 ;砂粒、粉粒和粘粒含量对土壤热性质有不同程度的影响 ;不同质地土壤的热性质与土壤水吸力之间存在良好的定量关系 ;此外 ,含盐土壤的导热率可表示为浓度的幂函数关系。

小麦秸秆生物炭对休耕期黄土农田土壤热性质的影响

为了研究小麦秸秆生物炭输入对休耕期农田土壤热性质的影响,共设置了3个小麦秸秆生物炭施用量水平进行田间小区试验,分别为0 kg·m^(-2)(BC0)、1 kg·m^(-2)(BC1)、4 kg·m^(-2)(BC4),每个处理3个重复。对各小区土壤含水率、热容量、导热率、热扩散率和温度等指标进行了测定。结果表明:生物炭施加能显著降低土壤导热率和热扩散率,施加量越多,导热率和热扩散率值越低;热容量多次表现为随生物炭施加量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势。土壤含水率受降雨和冻结波动较大,在无降水且无冻结条件下随生物炭量的增加而减少,而在低温冻融期随生物炭量的增加而增加。各热参数均与含水率变化趋势基本一致,BC1与BC4处理的各热参数与含水率之间均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。5 cm段土壤温度多次表现出随生物炭施加量的增加先升高后降低;20 cm段土壤温度随生物炭施加量的增大而减小。各处理的导热率、热扩散率均与5 cm段土壤温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与20 cm段土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。可见,在田间状态下,小麦秸秆生物炭主要通过影响土壤含水率进而影响土壤热性质,影响程度与生物炭施用量有关;小麦秸秆生物炭能通过影响土壤热性质进而影响土壤温度。

施用生物炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展

生物炭比重、表面结构及孔隙状况等特征对土壤物理性质具有重要的影响,本文综述了国内外施用生物炭对土壤结构、水力特征和热性质影响等方面的研究进展,较全面地总结了生物炭对土壤物理性质的影响。总体而言,施用生物炭可显著降低表层土壤容重,改善土壤孔隙结构,但对土壤团聚性和水力特性的影响具有一定的不确定性。生物炭可调节土壤温度的变化幅度,降低土壤热导率和地表反射率,基于目前关于生物炭对土壤热性质影响的研究较少,其影响机制尚不清楚。本文从生物炭种类、热解条件及土壤类型等方面深入分析了生物炭对土壤物理性质的影响机制,并提出了今后生物炭研究的重点。

不同复合墙体结构对日光温室土壤热特性的影响

[目的]土壤是高热容介质,其温度与热通量变化可在一定程度上反映不同墙体结构日光温室的蓄热保温性能差异。为探明不同复合墙体结构对日光温室土壤热特性的影响。[方法]本试验以砖土复合墙体结构(双24cm厚砖墙内夹50cm厚黄土)、砖煤复合墙体结构(双24cm厚砖墙内夹50cm厚煤渣)、砖苯复合墙体结构(37cm厚砖墙外贴10cm厚苯板)日光温室为研究对象,通过分析冬季温室内夜温、典型天气下10cm深度处土温、同一温室不同土壤深度间的温度变化规律、同一深度不同温室间的温度变化规律、土壤温度与土壤热通量日变化规律等,初步评价了不同墙体结构日光温室的土壤热特性差异。[结果]砖土温室的土壤热稳定性和蓄热保温性能最好,而砖苯温室的隔热效果最好、白天接受太阳辐射后土壤升温最快。[结论]综合考虑,砖土复合墙体结构日光温室的土壤热特性较优,有利于作物维持较高的根系活力,在晋中地区的推广应用前景较好。

生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展

生物质炭在农业与环境中的应用已成为近期国内外研究热点,有关生物质炭特性以及生物质炭对土壤化学、生物学性质和作物产量的影响,已经有一些综述,但是生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的相关综述很少。本文对近10年生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响相关的研究成果进行了整理分析。研究结果发现生物质炭可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加田间持水量和土壤有效水含量,降低饱和导水率等。生物质炭影响土壤物理性质的主要原因是生物质炭具有较大的比表面积和孔隙度。此外,生物质炭与土壤矿质颗粒结合,并通过对土壤微生物活性和植物生长的影响间接影响土壤物理性质。生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响与多种因素有关,如生物质炭原料、裂解温度、施用量和颗粒大小,土壤质地和处理时间等。关于生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的长期研究很少,且缺乏田间试验。因此,将来的研究应更加倾向于长期田间条件下生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响,并逐渐发现生物质炭的作用机理,为实际的农业生产和生态治理提供科学依据。

玉米秸秆生物炭对休耕期农田地表反照率及热物理性质的影响

为了探究生物炭输入后对休耕期农田地表反照率及土壤热物理性质的影响,通过田间小区试验,研究在休耕期生物炭影响下农田地表反照率、土壤温度及土壤热物理性质的变化情况。本试验共设置3个处理:CK处理(不施用生物炭)、BC10处理(生物炭施用量为1.0 kg·m^(-2)·年^(-1))、BC40处理(生物炭施用量为4.0 kg·m^(-2)·年^(-1)),每个处理设3个重复。结果表明:(1)同CK处理相比,BC10、BC40处理的地表反照率分别下降11.7%、23.5%(P<0.05)。土壤水分变化对反照率影响最为显著,呈负相关关系。(2)生物炭能够显著影响0~2.5 cm土层温度,但对5~10 cm土层温度影响不显著,主要原因为导热率下降限制了土壤热量的传递。(3)生物炭能够降低土壤容重,对土壤热性质产生影响。随施炭量增加,土壤热容量、导热率、热扩散率均呈下降趋势。同对照相比,BC10和BC40处理的土壤热容量分别下降4.1%、11.2%,导热率分别下降5.56%、18.17%,热扩散率分别下降4.3%、15.9%。生物炭的添加量越大,各热性质参数下降幅度越大。田间试验条件下,含水量的变化对热性质影响最为显著,随着土壤水分增加,土壤热容量、导热率及热扩散率均增加。

质地对土壤热扩散率的影响

土壤热性质的研究是分析地表能量平衡的重要途径之一,土壤热扩散率是表征土壤热性质的重要参数。根据非稳态一维热传导方程的差分解计算了不同质地土壤的热扩散率。结果表明,风干土热扩散率小于1.4×10-3cm2.s-1,并随着时间的推移逐渐减小;土壤质地越轻土墒条件越好热量传输速度越慢。

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms

A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainages(AMDs)samples collected from several sulphide mines in China,and the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was conducted both in shake flask and bioreactor.The results show that in the shake flask,the mixture can tolerate 50 g/L chalcopyrite after being acclimated to gradually increased concentrations of chalcopyrite.The copper extraction increases obviously in bioleaching of chalcopyrite with moderately thermophilic microorganisms supplemented with 0.4 g/L yeast extract at 180 r/min,74% copper can be extracted in the pulp of 50 g/L chalcopyrite after 20 d.Compared with copper extractions of mesophilic culture,unacclimated culture and acclimated culture without addition of yeast extract,that of accliniated culture with addition of yeast extract is increased by 53%,44% and 16%,respectively.In a completely stirred tank reactor,the mass fraction of copper and total iron extraction reach up to 81% and 56%,respectively.The results also indicate that it is necessary to add a large amount of acid to the pulp to extract copper from chalcopyrite effectively.

Changes in vegetation and soil properties during recovery of a subtropical forest in South China

Secondary forests account for a large amount of subtropical forest due to persistent anthropogenic disturbance in China.The interaction between vegetation and soil during recovery process is rather complex and dependent on forest conditions.Understanding how vegetation and soil properties changes and how their relationship develops in secondary forests is key to effective forest restoration and management.Here we explored the patterns of vegetation and soil properties as well as their correlations during forest recovery process in a subtropical forest in south China.Plots of three forest types,i.e.,broadleaf-conifermixedforest,broadleaved forest and old growth stand,were established to represent the recovery stages.The results showed that diversity patterns in the tree,shrub and herb layers were different:in the tree layer the species diversity peaked at the intermediate stage,while in the understory layers it decreased chronologically.Most of the soil factors showed an increasing trend,and different effects of soil factors were found for the three layers as well as for the two spatial scales.Together,our results suggested that vegetation and soil might be interdependent during the recovery course.Further studies are needed on exploring how vegetation interplays with soil at different scales and how nutrient limitations affects the vegetation development in a chronosequence.

Changes in Soil Properties of Paddy Fields Across a Cultivation Chronosequence in Subtropical China

Rice production plays a crucial role in the food supply of China and a better understanding of the changes in paddy soil fertility and the management effects is of practical importance for increasing rice productivity. In this study, field sampling in a typical red soil region of subtropical China, Jiangxi Province, was used to observe changes in the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields. After cultivation, clay (< 0.002 mm) content in the soil…

SLOPE LITHOLOGIC PROPERTY, SOIL MOISTURE CONDITION AND REVEGETATION IN DRY-HOT VALLEY OF JINSHA RIVER

The dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River is one of the typical eco-fragile areas in Southwest China, as well as a focus of revegetation study in the upper and middle reaches of the Changjiang River. Due to its extremely dry and hot climate, severely degraded vegetation and the intense soil and water loss, there are extreme difficulties in vegetation restoration in this area and no great breakthrough has ever been achieved on studies of revegetation over the last several decades. Through over ten years’ research conducted in the typical areas-the Yuanmou dry-hot valley, the authors found that the lithologic property is one of the crucial factors determining soil moisture conditions and vegetation types in the dry-hot valley, and the rainfall infiltration capability is also one of the key factors affecting the tree growth. Then the revegetation zoning based on different slopes was conducted and revegetation patterns for different zones were proposed.

Thermal Treatment of Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soils＂ A Review of Technology Innovation for Sustainable Remediation

Thermal treatment technologies hold an important niche in the remediation of hydrocarbon- contaminated soils and sediments due to their ability to quickly and reliably meet cleanup standards. However, sustained high temperature can be energy intensive and can damage soil properties. Despite the broad applicability and prevalence of thermal remediation, little work has been done to improve the environmental compatibility and sustainahility of these technologies. We review several common thermal treatment technologies for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, assess their potential environmental impacts, and propose frameworks for sustainable and low-impact deployment based on a holistic consideration of energy and water requirements, ecosystem ecology, and soil science. There is no universally appropriate thermal treatment technology. Rather, the appropriate choice depends on the contamination scenario （including the type of hydrocarbons present） and on site-specific considerations such as soil properties, water availability, and the heat sensitivity of contaminated soils. Overall, the convergence of treatment process engineering with soil science, ecosystem ecology, and plant biology research is essential to fill critical knowledge gaps and improve both the removal efficiency and sustainability of thermal technologies.

1.4-nm Intergrade Mineral in Soils of Snbtropical China:A Review

This paper is a review of some advances in the studies on 1.4-nm intergrade mineral of soils in sub-tropical China. 1) 1.4-nm intergrade mineral occurs ubiquitously in soils of subtropical China. The 1.4-nmrnineral in red soil and yellow soil is mainly 1.4-nm intergrade mineral, and in acidic yellow-brown soil (pH< 5.5) is verniiculite alone or 1.4-nm intergrade mineral together with vermiculite. The distribution and thecontent of 1 .4-nm intergrade mineral in the mountain soils are more widespread and higher than those of thecorresponding soils in horizontal zone. 2) The interlayer material of 1.4-nin intergrade mineral ui these soilsappears to be hydroxy-Al polymers instead of hydroxy-Fe, proto-imogolite or kaolin-like material. There isa significant positive correlation between Al amount extracted from the soil with sodium citrate after DCBextraction and pH value of the citrate solution after the extraction. The citrate can also extract a certainamount of silicon from the soil, but the silicon may not come from interlayer of 1.4-nm intergrade mineral.3) It was seldom studied that either vermiculite or smectite did the natural 1.4-nm intergrade mineral comefrom in soil, or it was commonly thought to come from vermiculite. A recent report has revealed that itcan come from smectite. There are some different behaviors between the 1.4-nm intergrade mineral derivedfrom vermiculite and that from smectite. For example, they exert different influences on the formation ofgibbsite. The 1.4-nm intergrade mineral derived from smectite may promote the formation of gibbsite in theyellow soil. 4) The type of 1.4-nm minerals in soils. i.e., vermiculite or 1.4-nm intergrade mineral, may besignificant to soil properties, such as soil acidity, exchangeable Al, electric charge aiiiount and specific surfacearea. Therefore, the management for the soil in which 1.4-nm mineral is mainly 1.4-nm intergrade mineralor vermiculite should be dealt with differently.

Composition, diversity and distribution of tree species in response to changing soil properties with increasing distance from water source – a case study of Gobind Sagar Reservoir in India

Construction of big dams on rivers develops artificial lakes or water reservoirs which conceive alterations in soil properties of the upstream catchment area. An undulating topography and freckly soil properties cause ups and downs in tree diversity, composition and distribution. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Gobind Sagar reservoir on soil properties relative to the distance from it and assess its effect on tree diversity, evenness and their distribution in tropical and subtropical forests. Based on data analysis it was found that the soil moisture and organic carbon decreased along with increasing distance from the reservoir. It played a significant role in varying tree diversity. The sites distributed within0-2 km showed significantly higher α and β-diversity indices. Tree species richness and diversity indices showed a strong correlation（p ＆lt; 0.05） with soil moisture and organic carbon content. Simpson＇s and Mc Intosh evenness indices showed a strong negative correlation with soil bulk density. Indirect Detrended Correspondence Analysis（DCA） identified soil moisture and soil organic carbon as two major environmental gradients that influenced tree diversity and their distribution in five tropical and four subtropical forests in an upstream catchment of the reservoir. Mixed forests inhabited moist sites andAcacia-Pinus forests showed an inclination to dry areas. Canonical Correspondence Analysis（CCA）revealed that the tree species in tropical forests were mainly affected by driving forces such as soil moisture,organic carbon and bulk density whereas, in subtropical forest tree species were influenced by elevation, soil p H, EC and clay content.

Soil Enzyme Activities and Organic Matter Composition Affected by 26 Years of Continuous Cropping

The study was to determine the long-term effects of subtropical monoculture and rotational cropping systems and fertilization on soil enzyme activities and soil C, N, and P levels. Cropping systems included continuous sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.), cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.), corn(Zea mays L.), and cotton/sorghum rotations after 26 years of treatment imposition. Soil under continuous sorghum and continuous corn had 15% and 11%, respectively, greater C concentrations than soil under continuous cotton.Organic C was 10% higher at 0–7.5 cm than at 7.5–15 cm. Total N followed similar trends with soil depth as organic C. Continuous sorghum had 19% higher total N than other crop species and rotations. With fertilization, continuous cotton had the highest total P at 0–7.5 cm and sorghum had the highest at 7.5–15 cm. Soil total P was 14% higher at 0–7.5 than at 7.5–15 cm, and fertilization increased 15% total P compared to unfertilized soil. Arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-d-glucosidase activity were the highest for sorghum and the lowest for cotton. Rotation increased enzyme activities compared to continuous cotton but not for continuous sorghum. Of all crop species and rotations, continuous cotton generally showed the lowest levels of organic matter and enzyme activities after 26 years. Fertilization significantly increased the yields for all cropping systems, but rotation had no significant effect on either sorghum or cotton lint yield compared to each crop grown in monoculture. Long-term cropping did not increase soil organic matter levels beyond short-term gains, indicating the difficulty in promoting C sequestration in subtropical soils.