河北省藁城市大棚土壤盐分累积状况研究

通过调查取样的方法研究了河北省藁城市不同棚龄大棚的土壤盐分累积状况。结果表明 ,大棚土壤的可溶盐分明显高于相邻土壤 ,不同土层的增加幅度存在一定的差异。 0～ 2 0cm土层盐分含量最高 ,自上向下逐层减少。大棚土壤中除HCO3- 含量较相邻土壤有降低趋势以外 ,Ca2 +、Mg2 +、K+、Na+、SO4 2 - 、Cl- 、和NO3- 离子含量都有一定程度的累积 ,并随棚龄的增加表现出一定的累积和分布规律。大棚土壤的水溶态磷的含量较相邻土壤也有显著增加。各种离子含量与EC值间存在显著或极显著相关性 ,其中以Ca2 +、Mg2 +和NO3- 其与EC值的相关系数最高。

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤盐分累积及硝态氮迁移规律

通过对关中地区泾阳等地32个蔬菜大棚土壤分析,表明:该区大棚土壤盐分表聚和酸化现象明显。耕层(0~20cm)平均全盐量为3.2g/kg,20~40cm土层平均也达2.8g/kg,40~60cm和60~80cm土层在2.0g/kg左右;耕层土壤PH值比对照下降0.61,60~80cm土层比对照下降了0.27;耕层硝态氮含量平均高达63.3mg/kg,是对照的5.5倍,硝态氮深层下迁趋势明显,可达80cm以下,仅60~80cm土层的平均含量为27.3mg/kg;耕层平均有机质含量仅为16.0g/kg。随棚龄延长盐渍化和酸化程度加重,硝酸盐下迁损失愈多。其主要原因是偏施化肥,不重视有机肥,常年连作,不合理灌溉等。建议采取增施有机肥、限制化肥用量、改进施肥技术、科学灌排、轮作倒茬等措施。

咸水灌溉条件下土壤水盐分布特征

通过设置3种灌水量水平(100%ETc、80%ETc、60%ETc)和3种灌水水质水平(0.7、3和6g·L-1),研究了咸水灌溉条件下春小麦120cm土层内水分动态和盐分累积特征.结果表明:水分在农田土壤中的分布主要受灌水量和土壤质地的影响,充分灌溉使水分存贮在较深土层中,而非充分灌溉则使水分存贮在表层;在相同灌水量的条件下,土体内的盐分积累程度随着灌溉水矿化度的增大而加剧;在相同矿化度条件下,土体内的盐分含量及积盐深度随着灌水量的增加而增大.在作物整个生育期内,连续使用咸水灌溉将导致土壤积盐,且非充分灌溉较充分灌溉更易使土壤表层积盐.

Effect of Water Resources Allocation on Groundwater Environment and Soil Salinity Accumulation under Climate Change

The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.