碳源添加对土壤碳转化及作物生产力的影响

该文为探究不同碳源对农田黑土碳转化和作物生长的影响,以秸秆、生物炭、纳米碳为碳源材料,研究其添加2年后土壤碳组分转化过程和向日葵的生长情况,为农田生产提供依据。结果表明:3种碳源添加后,土壤pH无显著变化;除秸秆外其他碳源添加后土壤温度升高;土壤含水量呈现不同变化。受土壤活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量变化的影响,土壤全碳含量在秸秆添加后增加,在纳米碳添加后降低,在生物炭添加后无显著变化,碳氮比在生物炭添加后增加。3种碳源添加后土壤过氧化氢酶活性皆降低,土壤纤维素酶活性无显著变化;土壤转化酶、淀粉酶活性和总体酶活参数在不同碳源添加后差异较大。3种碳源添加对向日葵生长的影响较小,但都降低了叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度和蒸腾速率,同时增加了叶片光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量。进一步冗余分析表明,碳源添加后土壤肥力因子与向日葵的生理特性有一定的相关关系,但不同碳源对向日葵生产力起主导作用的土壤因子各不相同。

等碳量添加秸秆、秸秆生物炭对土壤碳稳定及碳转化的影响

【目的】探究秸秆和秸秆生物炭在不同土壤含水量条件下还田对土壤碳稳定性和碳转化的影响。【方法】通过土壤培养实验,在土壤中分别添加等碳量的秸秆和秸秆生物炭,在土壤田间持水量的60%、100%和干湿交替条件培养,研究土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、CO_(2)和CH_4的变化。【结果】(1)培养60d,等碳量添加秸秆和生物炭使土壤有机碳分别提高48.02%~53.91%和31.55%~42.39%,土壤微生物量碳分别提高243.20%~258.16%和85.67%~101.09%,有机碳损失率表现为秸秆处理(29.27%~34.95%)>生物炭处理(12.25%~21.79%),且秸秆处理的CO_(2)、CH_4累积排放量较生物炭处理分别提高75.40%~398.43%和1394.61%~3201.17%,表明秸秆虽能显著提高土壤总有机碳,但同时会激发土壤有机碳损失,提高CO_(2)、CH_4排放,固碳减排效果小于生物炭处理。(2)土壤含水量显著影响土壤有机碳损失率和碳排放。不同外源碳添加处理的土壤有机碳损失率均表现为田间持水量60%(12.25%~29.29%)≤干湿交替(16.61%~29.27%)<田间持水量100%(21.79%~34.95%)。秸秆处理在田间持水量100%和干湿交替时的CH_4累积排放量比田间持水量60%时分别提高200.96%和139.35%,增幅大于对照组CK。而含水量对生物炭处理的CH_4累积排放量的影响相对较小,分别提高36.26%和20.31%,增幅小于对照组CK,这是由于秸秆具有较高的易氧化有机碳含量,且田间持水量100%促进CH_4排放。【结论】与秸秆还田相比,秸秆生物炭还田可提高土壤有机碳并降低土壤碳损失率,同时,秸秆生物炭可减缓土壤含水量导致的氧环境差异对土壤碳形态的影响,有效减少单位质量土壤CO_(2)、CH_4排放。

不同利用方式下土壤有机碳转化及微生物群落功能多样性变化

【目的】研究亚热带地区不同土地利用方式下土壤生物和生物化学性状的变化特点,为制订合理的耕作施肥管理措施提供科学参考。【方法】选择亚热带地区的一个小流域,通过田间采样分析,比较了不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和养分含量、土壤有机碳矿化以及土壤微生物生物量和微生物群落功能多样性变化。【结果】土壤有机碳、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量碳氮以及土壤的呼吸强度变化均表现为稻田(菜地)>竹林>园(旱)地,0～15cm、15～30cm稻田(菜地)土壤有机碳和全N含量平均比园(旱)地土壤高76.4%、59.8%和80.8%、67.3%,0～15cm稻田土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸强度分别是园(旱)地土壤的6.36倍、3.63倍、3.20倍。土壤微生物代谢熵园(旱)地>林地>稻田,稻田土壤的代谢熵仅为园(旱)地土壤的47.7%。培养期间土壤有机碳矿化量和矿化率稻田>竹林>园(旱)地。土壤细菌数量稻田≥园(旱)地>林地,但真菌和放线菌数量在不同利用方式之间并没有显著差异。土壤微生物的平均吸光值和群落功能多样性指数稻田>园(旱)地>林地。研究还揭示,稻田改种蔬菜5a后,由于大量施用磷肥,土壤速效磷含量显著升高,但土壤有机碳和全氮含量没有明显差异;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸强度显著下降了53%、41.5%和41.3%,代谢熵升高了23.6%,土壤有机碳的矿化速率也有下降的趋势;土壤细菌和放线菌数量略有升高但差异不显著,真菌数量显著增加,而土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数却显著下降了。【结论】不同土地利用方式下土壤的生物和生物化学性状有显著不同。稻田利用方式下土壤的有机碳和养分含量、以及土壤有机碳转化过程指标和微生物群落功能多样性等均较该区的旱地和林地土壤高。但若在高肥力稻田上继续过量施用化肥,将有可能造成土壤生物性状和生化功能衰减,导致土壤生物质量退化。

土壤有机碳作用及转化机制研究进展

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示:直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中的转化特征进行分组,尝试建立这一分组与土壤有机碳功能的关联。按照转化特征,土壤有机碳可分为稳定性有机碳和营养性有机碳两大类型。前者主要指封存于土壤黏粒中的有机碳,很难被土壤微生物分解和矿化。后者主要指通过作物收获后地表及根系残留物、还田秸秆、有机肥施肥进入土壤的有机碳,是土壤有机碳中易于转化的、活跃的组分,也是形成土壤腐殖质和团聚体的主要前体物质。对土壤肥力具有重要意义。多点长期定位试验研究结果显示:土壤有机碳含量实际上表达了土壤中有机碳输入与分解两个过程的动态平衡。当输入量小于矿化量,将导致土壤有机碳含量和土壤肥力下降。当每年输入的有机碳量大于矿化量,土壤有机碳含量会持续上升;直至每年输入量与矿化量相等,土壤有机碳含量不再增加,此时,土壤有机碳含量达到平衡点。在一般农业生产条件下,达到平衡点的时间周期为20-30年。在营养性有机碳投入量过高情况下,这一动态平衡系统也会导致入多出多,达到新的平衡点后,每年会有高量土壤有机物质的矿化,从而引起农田土壤中矿质养分,特别是矿质氮的流失,进入水体及大气环境中。为实现土壤培肥和环境保护双重目标,农田土壤营养性有机碳的投入量应以有机碳的矿化流失不致产生环境风险为宜。新的研究还证实:营养性有机碳进入农田后,在土壤生物作用下分解为一系列短链化合物,再通过生物构建作用与土壤矿物颗粒形成土壤团聚体,并以此对多项土壤肥力性状发挥积极作用。受土壤中腐殖化、有机碳分解等不同过程影响,土壤团聚体持续发生着聚合和崩解,只有持续而丰富的营养性有机碳输入,才能维持土壤中总有机-无机团聚体的稳定度。多点长期定位试验结果揭示:土壤有机碳含量主要取决于气候条件、土壤质地与土地利用类型。在人为因素中,土地利用方式的变化对土壤有机碳含量的影响最大,而施肥、秸秆还田、耕作等农作措施对土壤有机碳含量的影响比较小。耕地土壤上,作物类型不同,其典型的耕作和收获方式不同,收获后存留地表和土壤中的根系残留物数量和质量不同,有机质生成能力不同。在种植有机质消耗性作物时,需要注意在轮作制度中引入有机质增加型作物或施用有机肥料,以保持土壤肥力。

不同种类草坪对土壤微生物量和活性有机碳的影响

人工草坪具有防止水土流失、美化环境、配置景观、提供户外休闲活动场所和改善区域生态环境等多种功能。为探究不同种类草坪对土壤微生物量和活性有机碳的影响,本研究以常见的狗牙根等6种草坪草为试验材料,设置保持自然状态和人工去杂2个试验处理,连续管理养护5年后采集0~10 cm表层土,测定其土壤全碳和全氮含量、土壤微生物碳和氮含量、土壤活性有机碳含量及其转化率6组数据。结果表明,保持自然状态试验处理中野牛草、多年生黑麦草和白花三叶草3种草坪中上述6组数据均达到最大值,均值分别为50.00 g/kg、7.00 g/kg、1.90 g/kg、0.40 g/kg、5.70 g/kg和0.65/cycle;狗牙根草坪上述6组数据均最小。说明野牛草、多年生黑麦草和白花三叶草3种草坪对土壤微生物量和活性有机碳的影响较大,匍匐翦股颖和高羊茅次之,狗牙根最小。同一种试验材料,保持自然状态试验处理的上述6组数据均明显高于人工去杂试验处理的。野牛草、多年生黑麦草和白花三叶草3种草坪对上述6组数据的影响大部分达到了统计学上的显著水平。因此,草坪建设者和管理者应根据不同种类草坪草的植物学特性,结合当地气候因子和土壤条件、草坪使用目的来选择合适的草坪草,以保证草坪质量和提高草坪使用效率的同时,促进其地下土壤生态系统的健康发展。

UV-B辐射对元阳梯田稻田土壤活性有机碳含量与温室气体排放的影响

大田原位条件下,种植元阳梯田地方水稻品种白脚老粳,研究UV-B辐射增强(0、5.0 k J·m-2)对水稻生长期稻田土壤活性有机碳含量及其转化相关酶活性、温室气体排放量的影响,结果表明:UV-B辐射增强导致稻田土壤多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性显著降低,降幅为10%~17%;纤维素酶活性分蘖期和拔节期显著增加,分别增加了2.7 U·g^(-1)和5.5 U·g^(-1)。UV-B辐射增强显著降低水稻孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期稻田土壤微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的含量,降幅分别为10%~36%和9%~31.5%;增加拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期土壤溶解性有机碳的含量,分别增加了123.0、79.5 mg·kg^(-1)和57.8 mg·kg^(-1)。UV-B辐射增强显著降低水稻生长期稻田CH4的排放通量,降幅为23%~42%;但显著增加CO2和N2O的排放通量,分别平均增加418.9 mg·m-2·h-1和3.7μg·m-2·h-1。相关分析发现,稻田土壤多酚氧化酶活性与微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳含量呈显著正相关,且土壤微生物量碳含量与CH4排放通量呈极显著正相关。因此,UV-B辐射通过改变稻田土壤碳转化酶活性与活性有机碳含量,进而影响稻田温室气体排放。

黑土地区土壤外源碳氮转化与赋存过程研究

黑土虽然是一种自然肥力极高的土壤,但十分容易受到区域内地形、气候以及人为等多种因素的影响。因此,探究黑土地区土壤外源碳氮转化与赋存过程具有极其重要的现实意义。有研究表明:秸秆还田在某种程度上影响着黑土土壤的碳氮储量,但是在不同的施肥条件下秸秆还田是如何在土壤外源碳氮转化的目前尚不明确。同时,通过登录中国知网、万方数据库等平台,尚少见对于自然条件下的黑土地区土壤外源碳氮转化与赋存的研究。因此,本文以我国东北黑土地区为例,主要分析该地区土壤外源碳氮转化与赋存过程,以供参考和借鉴。

枯落物处理对格木林土壤碳氮转化和微生物群落结构的短期影响

以我国南亚热带格木人工纯林为研究对象,采用气压过程分离(BaPS)技术和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法研究了不同枯落物处理(对照、枯落物去除、枯落物加倍)下土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构的季节变化.结果表明:不同枯落物处理土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均呈现明显的季节动态,雨季显著高于旱季.枯落物处理初期,土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均随枯落物输入量的增加呈下降趋势,但随着枯落物处理时间的延长,二者随枯落物输入量的增加而增加.旱季不同枯落物处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量和各菌群PLFAs量均显著高于雨季,而雨季真菌PLFAs/细菌PLFAs明显高于旱季.在旱季,枯落物去除处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量、细菌PLFAs量、真菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著提高30.9%、28.8%、44.4%和31.6%.在雨季,枯落物去除处理细菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著降低10.6%和33.3%.土壤微生物群落结构受枯落物输入量处理和季节的双重影响,土壤微生物群落结构主要受土壤温度和铵态氮的影响.枯落物输入量处理在短期内显著影响了格木林土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构,这种影响因季节的不同而存在差异.

Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Surface Soils Under Ermans Birch and Dark Coniferous Forests

Soil samples were taken from an Ermans birch （Betula ermanii）-dark coniferous forest （Picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis） ecotone growing on volcanic ejecta in the northern slope of Changbai Mountains of Northeast China, to compare soil carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） transformations in the two forests. The soil type is Umbri-Gelic Cambosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Soil samples were incubated aerobically at 20℃ and field capacity of 700 g kg^-1 over a period of 27 weeks. The amount of soil microbial biomass and net N mineralization were higher in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest （P 〈 0.05）, whereas the cumulative C mineralization （as CO2 emission） in the dark coniferous forest exceeded that in the Ermans birch （P 〈 0.05）. Release of the cumulative dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N were greater in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest （P 〈 0.05）. The results suggested that differences of forest types could result in considerable change in soil C and N transformations.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN RESERVED DESERTIFICATION AREA——A Case Study in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) was considered to be a key index in evaluation of soil degradation and soil C sequestration. To discuss the spatial-temporal dynamics of SOC in arable layer in reversed desertification area, a case study was conducted in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China. Data of SOC were based on general soil survey in 1982 and repeated soil sampling in 2003. Soil organic carbon content (SOCC) was determined by K2Cr3O7-FeSO4 titration method, and soil organic carbon density (SOCD) was calculated by arithmetic average and area weighted average method, respectively. On average, SOCC and SOCD of the arable layer in the study area from 1982 to 2003 had increased 0.51g/kg and 0.16kg/m2, respectively. Considering main soil types, the widest distributed Arid-Sandic Entisols had lowest values and increments of SOCC and SOCD during the study period; while the second widest Los-Orthic Entisols had higher values and increments of SOCC and SOCD, compared to the mean values of the whole region. The results indicated that reversed desertification process was due to the modification of land use and management practices, such as natural vegetation recovery, planting grass, turning arable land to grassland, and soil and water conservation etc., which can improve SOCC and SOCD and thus enhance soil C sequestration.

Effect on greenhouse gas balance of converting rice paddies to vegetable production

Rice paddies are increasingly being converted to vegetable production due to economic benefits related,in part,to changes in demand during recent decades.Here,we implemented a parallel field experiment to simultaneously measure annual emissions of CH_4and N_2O,and soil organic carbon(SOC)stock changes,in rice paddies(RP),rice paddy–converted conventional vegetable fields(CV),and rice paddy–converted greenhouse vegetable fields(GV).Changing from rice to vegetable production reduced CH_4emissions by nearly 100%,and also triggered substantial N_2O emissions.Furthermore,annual N_2O emissions from GV significantly exceeded those from CV due to lower soil p H and higher soil temperature.Marginal SOC losses occurred after one year of cultivation of RP,CV,and GV,contributing an important share(3.4%,32.2%,and 10.3%,respectively)of the overall global warming potential(GWP)balance.The decline in CH_4emissions outweighed the increased N_2O emissions and SOC losses in CV and GV,leading to a 13%–30%reduction in annual GWP as compared to RP.These results suggest that large-scale expansion of vegetable production at the expense of rice paddies is beneficial for mitigating climate change in terms of the overall GWP.

Soil Enzyme Activities on Eroded Slopes in the Sichuan Basin, China

Determining how soil erosion affects enzyme activity may enhance our understanding of soil degradation on eroded agricultural landscapes. This study assessed the changes in enzyme activity with slope position and erosion type by selecting water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes and performing analyses using the 1376s technique. The 137Cs data revealed that soil loss occurred in the upper section of the two eroded slope types, while soil accumulation occurred in the lower section. The invertase activity increased downslope and exhibited a pattern similar to the 137Cs data. The spatial patterns of urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar to the 137Cs inventories on the water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. On both the eroded slope types, the invertase activity and soil organic carbon content were correlated, but no correlation was observed between the alkaline phosphatase activity and total phosphorus content. Nevertheless, the urease activity was correlated with the total nitrogen content only on the water erosion-dominated slopes. The enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratios indicated high activities of invertase and urease but low activity of phosphatase on the water erosion-dominated slopes compared with the tillage erosion-dominated slopes. Both the invertase activity and the invertase activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio varied with the slope position. Changes in the urease activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio were significantly affected by the erosion type. These suggested that the dynamics of the invertase activity were linked to soil redistribution on the two eroded slope types, whereas the dynamics of the urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were associated with soil redistribution only on the water or tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. The erosion type had an obvious effect on the activities of invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase. Soil redistribution might influence the involvement of urease in the N cycle and alkaline phosphatase in the P cycle. Thus, enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass ratios may be used to better evaluate microbiological activity in eroded soils.

Role of Carbon Substrates Added in the Transformation of Surplus Nitrate to Organic Nitrogen in a Calcareous Soil

Excessive amounts of nitrate have accumulated in many soils on the North China Plain due to the large amounts of chemical N fertilizers or manures used in combination with low carbon inputs. We investigated the potential of different carbon substrates added to transform soil nitrate into soil organic N （SON）. A 56-d laboratory incubation experiment using the 15N tracer （K15NO3） technique was carried out to elucidate the proportion of SON derived from accumulated soil nitrate following amendment with glucose or maize straw at controlled soil temperature and moisture. The dynamics and isotopic abundance of mineral N （NO3 and NH4＋） and SON and greenhouse gas （N20 and CO2） emissions during the incubation were investigated. Although carbon amendments markedly stimulated transformation of nitrate to newly formed SON, this was only a substitution effect of the newly formed SON with native SON because SON at the end of the incubation period was not significantly different （P 〉 0.05） from that in control soil without added C. At the end of the incubation period, amendment with glucose, a readily available C source, increased nitrate immobilization by 2.65 times and total N20-N emission by 33.7 times, as compared with maize straw amendment. Moreover, the differences in SON and total N20-N emission between the treatments with glucose and maize straw were significant （P 〈 0.05）. However, the total N20-N emission in the straw treatment was not significantly （P ~ 0.05） greater than that in the control. Straw amendment may be a potential option in agricultural practice for transformation of nitrate N to SON and minimization of N20 emitted as well as restriction of NO3-N leaching.