河北平泉油松林火烧迹地土壤氮变化特征

【目的】分析河北省平泉县火烧迹地油松天然次生林的土壤氮在火后不同年份的变化特征,结合林分因子、立地因子和可燃物因子,研究土壤氮变化的影响因素,为火烧迹地养分循环研究及恢复提供科学依据。【方法】选取河北平泉县柳溪镇油松林火烧迹地为研究对象,分别于2015年(火后当年)、2016年(火后1年)、2021年(火后6年)采集土壤样品,测定土壤全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)和硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)含量,比较和分析上述4种氮含量在不同火强度(轻度火烧、中度火烧、重度火烧、对照样地)、不同土层深度(0~10 cm和10~20 cm)在不同年份(2015、2016、2021年)的变化趋势。使用相关性分析和冗余分析探究林分因子(树高、胸径、郁闭度)、立地因子(坡度、坡向)和可燃物因子(1、10、100时滞可燃物载量、1、10、100时滞可燃物含水率)对土壤氮元素的影响。【结果】(1)整体而言,火强度、土层深度、年份对4种土壤氮含量具有显著影响(P<0.05),火强度和土层深度对2015年的4种土壤氮含量存在交互作用(P<0.05),火强度和年份对4种土壤氮含量存在交互作用(P<0.05),火强度、土层深度和年份对土壤氮含量不具有三因素交互影响(P>0.05);(2)火后1年(2016)土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量回升,以重度火烧样地最为明显,增幅分别为464.67%、397.97%、185.63%,碱解氮含量降低,中度样地降幅为52.48%。火后6年(2021)土壤全氮、铵态氮、碱解氮含量在中度样地回升明显,增幅分别为368.78%、209.00%、427.51%,硝态氮含量在中、低强度下降,降幅为14.31%、14.34%;(3)RDA结果表明,可燃物含水率对土壤氮含量的变化贡献最多解释度:1时滞可燃物含水率影响碱解氮含量,并与其成正比关系;100时滞可燃物含水率影响硝态氮含量,并与其呈正比关系。林分因子和立地因子对土壤氮含量变化解释度较小,主要是间接作用。【结论】火后6年内土壤氮含量的变化先降低再回升,这是火强度、土壤和年份共同作用的结果。火烧初期(火后当年、1年),火强度对土壤氮含量的影响起主导作用,但是随着年限增加(6年),火强度对土壤氮含量的直接影响降低,火强度与土壤的介导作用,通过土壤含水率、温度、pH等指标继续影响土壤氮含量的变化。火烧迹地植物的更新与发育同样受到介导作用影响,不同生长阶段的养分利用策略差异,以及植被凋落物的累积也是土壤氮含量在火后1年和6年发生明显变化的重要原因。

食用向日葵盆栽种植土壤优化的初步研究

本研究以盆栽种植为桥梁,将向日葵的食用与观赏两大功能有机结合,从而更好地挖掘出向日葵的潜在价值。向日葵盆栽种植主要是克服盆栽土壤的结构和养分2个问题,试验结果表明,以"园土+蛭石+牛粪+草木灰"进行土壤配置,可为向日葵盆栽种植提供良好的生长环境。

Effects of Urbanization,Soil Property and Vegetation Configuration on Soil Infiltration of Urban Forest in Changchun,Northeast China

Urban forest soil infiltration, affected by various factors, is closely related with surface runoff. This paper studied the effect of urban forest types, vegetation configuration and soil properties on soil infiltration. In our study, 191 typical plots were sampled in Changchun City, China to investigate the soil infiltration characteristics of urban forest and its influencing factors. Our results showed that the steady infiltration rates of urban forest soil were highly variable. High variations in the final infiltration rates were observed for different vegetation patterns and compaction degrees. Trees with shrubs and grasses had the highest infiltration rate and trees with bare land had the lowest infiltration rate. In addition, our results showed that the soil infiltration rate decreased with an increase in the bulk density and with a reduction in the soil organic matter content and non-capillary porosity. The soil infiltration rate also had significantly positive relationships with the total porosity and saturated soil water content. Urban soil compaction contributed to low soil infiltration rates. To increase the infiltration rate and water storage volume of urban forest soil, proper techniques to minimize and mitigate soil compaction should be used. These findings can provide useful information for urban planners about how to maximize the water volume of urban forest soil and decrease urban instantaneous flooding.

Design Guidelines for Buried Profile-Wall Pipe

The overall objective of this study was to provide guidance for proper design of profile-walled pipe. Data from buried pipe tests on HDPE pipes with thirteen different profiles were included in the study. These tests were run in the soil cell at Utah State University. Also, parallel plate tests were also completed on the pipe samples. Data from 39 buried pipe tests were analyzed. The buried tests were at 75, 85 and 95 percent of standard Proctor density. This paper summarizes the results of that study and focuses on the tests buried in 85 percent dense soil. In addition to the experimental data, a portion of this paper focuses on finite element analysis results to confirm and extend the results from the physical tests. Design limits are recommended for several dimensionless parameters that describe profile geometry. One of the significant conclusions of this study was that pipes with profiles that perform well when buried in soil also perform well in a parallel plate tests. The identities of the pipe manufacturers are not disclosed, and pipes are only described in terms of basic parameters such as cross-sectional area and area moments of inertia.

Effect of Water Resources Allocation on Groundwater Environment and Soil Salinity Accumulation under Climate Change

The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.

Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Organic Carbon Density and Related Factors along an Urbanization Gradient in Beijing

Urban surface soil has a unique set of structures and processes that affect surface soil organic carbon density(SOCdensity) and its spatial variations. Using Beijing as a case study, and assisted by field investigations and experiments, we analyzed the spatial distribution of SOCdensity in different land use types and functional regions, and assessed associated factors such as urbanization level, the physiochemical properties of soil and plant configurations. The present study aims to provide useful information about the mechanisms driving soil organic carbon and climate change in developing and developed areas in urbanized regions like Beijing. Results indicate that P is the main factor positively influencing SOCdensity in most regions. Because of the specific interference directly related to human beings in urban areas, with decreases in the urbanization level, more physiochemical factors of soil can influence SOCdensity. SOCdensity under grasses is not significantly different from that under other plant compositions. Urbanization processes decrease the heterogeneity of the spatial pattern of SOCdensity in most land use types, but increased its contents when the area reached a developed level in Beijing. More factors related to human interference and spatial variation of surface soil carbon storage, especially under impervious land in urban areas, should be considered in future studies.