水泥—磷尾渣复合材料修复铅、镉污染土壤的再溶出特性研究

为了解决Pb、Cd污染土壤修复难的问题,选用水泥—磷尾渣对Pb、Cd污染土壤进行修复处理.利用短期溶出试验(醋酸溶出法、硫酸—硝酸溶出法)和长期溶出试验(半动态溶出试验)评估了水泥—磷尾渣修复后Pb、Cd污染土壤的再溶出特性.结果表明:水泥—磷尾渣对Pb、Cd有极好的固定效果,可大幅度降低污染土壤中Pb、Cd的溶出特性.醋酸溶出试验和硫酸—硝酸溶出试验结果表明水泥—磷尾渣修复后污染土壤具有较强的耐侵蚀能力,且当水泥—磷尾渣组分比为9.4∶0.6时,Pb、Cd的醋酸溶出浓度和硫酸—硝酸溶出浓度均低于我国地表水Ⅴ类标准值,当水泥—磷尾渣组分比为9∶1时,Pb、Cd的醋酸溶出浓度和硫酸—硝酸溶出浓度均低于我国地表水Ⅱ类标准值.半动态溶出试验结果表明:水泥—磷尾渣修复后污染土壤Pb、Cd长期溶出风险较低,在半动态试验周期内Pb、Cd最大溶出浓度均低于我国地表水Ⅳ类标准值.水泥修复Pb、Cd污染土壤具备进行二次利用的潜力.

接种微生物对黑心菊铅镉耐性的影响及联合修复效果

采用室内盆栽试验,外源添加不同浓度的Pb、Cd混合污染,研究单、双接种淡紫拟青霉菌、拟青霉菌、嗜麦芽窄食单细胞菌对黑心菊耐受力的影响和联合修复的效果。结果表明,接种微生物能有效缓解不同浓度铅镉复合污染土壤对黑心菊的毒害,拟青霉菌和淡紫拟青霉菌组合接种后黑心菊生物量提高73.1%~207.31%,表现出最好的耐受能力。除淡紫拟青霉菌、嗜麦芽窄食单细胞菌双接种外,其余五种接种方式黑心菊Pb、Cd富集系数及转运系数大于1,双接种在富集能力上表现优于单接种。接种微生物后土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量分别提高8.91%~702.22%和0.13%~23.26%,在土壤Pb 1500 mg kg、Cd 1 mg kg浓度下,黑心菊-微生物联合修复具有良好的效果,有利于对土壤中Pb、Cd的活化,其中拟青霉菌和淡紫拟青霉菌组合接种效果最佳。

钙镁磷肥与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果

通过田间定位试验,采用钙镁磷肥(G)、泥碳(P)、猪粪(M)、钙镁磷肥+泥碳(GP)、钙镁磷肥+猪粪(GM)等处理对福建省龙岩市新罗区特钢厂附近的污染田进行改良。试验表明,大部分处理能提高土壤的pH值;处理钙镁磷肥、钙镁磷肥+泥碳和钙镁磷肥+猪粪对提高作物产量均有显著效果;大部分处理能抑制水稻、花生对镉铅的吸收;说明通过调节土壤pH值,改变土壤重金属活性是有机-中性化改良技术的主要机理。

羟基磷灰石和氯化钾联用修复铅锌矿区铅镉污染土壤的研究

以湖南凤凰铅锌矿区的2个重金属污染土壤(HF-1、HF-2)为研究对象,利用组合制剂羟基磷灰石(HA)加氯化钾(KCl)修复矿区铅镉污染土壤,目的是探讨Cl-对HA修复重金属铅镉污染土壤的作用.每个实验土壤设置5个HA水平和4个KCl水平,共计40个处理,采用美国固体废弃物毒性浸提程序(TCLP)评价修复效果.结果表明,HA能够有效地降低污染土壤中的TCLP浸提态铅和镉;组合制剂在HA∶Pb∶KCl摩尔比为8∶1∶2时对土壤铅和镉的固化效果达到最佳,该处理下土壤HF-1、HF-2中铅和镉的固化率分别达到83.3%、97.27%和35.96%、57.82%;在HA∶Pb摩尔比为8的水平上,KCl∶Pb摩尔比为2时土壤HF-1、HF-2中铅和镉的固化率比未添加KCl时分别提高6.26%、0.33%和7.74%、0.83%.研究表明,适量的Cl-存在可以提高羟基磷灰石对重金属铅镉污染土壤的修复效果.

氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复作用

采用浸泡实验法研究了氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复效果,结果表明,氯化铁和硫酸铁均能有效去除土壤有效态镉和铅污染,Fe(Ⅲ)用量为50~100 mmol/kg时,有效态Cd和Pb的去除效果可达70%~96%。氯化铁和硫酸铁能去除土壤中的水溶态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和强有机结合态Cd和Pb及交换态Cd。氯化铁和硫酸铁对Cd均既有洗脱修复作用又有固定修复作用,且洗脱修复作用的贡献稍大;氯化铁用量较小时(50 mmol/kg)对Pb既有固定修复又有洗脱修复作用,固定修复作用稍大;用量较大时(100 mmol/kg),对Pb只有洗脱修复作用。硫酸铁对Pb的修复作用则以固定修复作用为主,洗脱修复作用很小。

Effect of Amendments on Growth and Element Uptake of Pakchoi in a Cadmium, Zinc and Lead Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, limeand calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mu, Fe, N, P and K uptake ofpakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in a Cd, Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China.The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application,the uptake of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused byheavy metals pollution was eliminated. Meanwhile, the absorption of N, K and Mn was also inhibitedby these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals bypakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effectiveamendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting theirabsorption by the crop.

Characteristics of Some Heavy Metals in Acid Sulfate Topsoils, Eastern Australia

Forty-five acid sulfate topsoil samples (depth < 0.5 m) from 15 soil cores at 11 locations along the New South Wales coast, Australia, were selected to investigate the chemical behavior of Zn, Mn, Cr, Co and Pb in these soils. The amount of HCI-extractable Mn was much smaller than the mean value of the total Mn documented for other soils. This may be attributed to enhanced mobilization of Mn from the soils under the extremely acidic and seasonally flooded conditions encountered in the investigated soils. The pH-dependency of soluble Zn and Mn was strongly affected by the availability of acid reactive Zn and Mn compounds. There were fairly good relationships between soluble Zn and acid reactive Zn compounds, and between soluble Mn and acid reactive Mn compounds. Soluble Zn and soluble Mn concentrations were important controls on exchangeable Zn and Mn concentrations, respectively. In contrast to the suggestion by other authors that adsorption of Co was closely associated with Mn oxides present in soils, the exchangeable Co in the investigated acid sulfate soils was not clearly related to the abundance of Mn minerals. In addition to the fact that there are few Mn minerals present in the soils, this might also be because the availability of canon exchange sites on the crystal surfaces of Mn oxides was reduced under extremely acidic conditions.

Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Potassium Behavior in Typic Udic Ferrisol

The indirect influence of heavy metal contamination of soil on nutrient availability, an important aspect of soil quality, may need to be taken into consideration when determining overall effects of heavy metals. A laboratory experiment was performed to study the effects of combined pollution of Cu, Ph, Zn and Cd on soil K status as indicated by chemical fractions, adsorption-desorption and quantity/intensity (Q/I) relationship of K in a Typic Udic Ferrisol (generally called red soil), by employing uniform design and single factor design. Compared to the control, content of exchangeable K was decreased, but that of soluble K increased in the samples contaminated with heavy metals. Due to heavy metal pollution, potassium adsorption was reduced by 5% to 22%, whereas the desorption percentage of adsorbed K increased by 2% to 32%. The Q/I curves shifted downward, potassium buffering capacity (PBCK) decreased, and equilibrium activity ratio values (ARoK) increased with increasing heavy metal pollution. These influences followed the sequences of Ph>Cu>Zn and combined pollution>single one. Displacement of K from canon exchange sites and decrease in soil CEC due to heavy metals should be responsible for the changes of soil K behaviours. The findings suggest that heavy metal pollution of soil might aggravate the degradation of soil K fertility by decreasing K adsorption and buffering capacity and increasing desorption.

Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Different Roadside Soils and Plants in Peshawar City, Pakistan

Soil and plant samples were collected from roadside sites (along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads) and reference site to investigate the contamination of soils and old common plant species with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in Peshawar City, Pakistan. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis that showed a significant (P ≤ 0.01) variation in Pb and Cd concentrations in the roadside soils and plants as compared to the reference site. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 53.9 and 6.0 mg kg-1 in soils and 49.1 and 10.9 mg kg-1 in plants, respectively. Significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) in concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil and plant samples along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads might be due to different traffic densities. The highest value (9.4) of metal accumulation index (MAI) was observed for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In selected plant species, the Pb and Cd accumulation was found in the order of E. camaldulensis > Ficus elastica > Dalbergia sissoo > Alstonia scholaris. The roadside soils and plants were highly contaminated with Pb and Cd as compared to the reference site.