考虑土壤非线性的接地网有限元分析

随着超特高压电网的出现和系统容量的不断扩大,入地故障电流也随之不断增加,此时接地装置周围土壤在散流过程中将呈现明显的非线性特性。为此,针对大幅值故障电流下土壤的非线性特性,提出一种计算接地装置特性的有限元模型。对有限元计算中的无穷边界问题引入空间坐标变换方法,通过改变介质参数将电场控制在有限范围内,在保证计算精度的基础上降低了计算量;对于由接地导体与土壤分界面处介质突变引起的病态方程,采用有限元方程的弱解形式,降低了微分方程对场量连续性的要求,加快了方程的收敛速度;针对大幅值入地电流下土壤的非线性特性,在有限元计算中令单元土壤电阻率为该单元电场强度的函数,采用非线性有限元算法加以考虑。将此模型对典型接地装置的仿真结果与相关实测及文献计算结果对比,验证了其分析接地装置非线性特性的有效性。

考虑土壤非线性特性的接地网冲击特性分析方法

考虑土壤的非线性特性对接地系统冲击特性的影响,基于场路结合思想提出一种新的接地网冲击特性频域分析方法,并进行了接地网的冲击特性模拟试验。推导了考虑土壤非线性特性时接地极的等值半径后经过合理假设建立了更符合实际散流情况的接地系统分析计算模型。该模型待求变量少,计算时间短,兼顾了计算效率和计算精度,适用于分析接地网的冲击暂态特性。计算结果与软件包CDEGS的计算结果及冲击试验结果吻合得较好,进一步验证了该方法的准确性。

土壤非线性击穿效应对垂直接地体散流特性的影响

基于L-D(Liew and Darveniza)提出的土壤非线性击穿模型,利用Taku Noda和Yoshihiro Baba等分别提出的导体在无耗介质和有耗介质中的细导线处理方案,开发了一套三维时域有限差分(three dimension finite-difference timedomain,3-D FDTD)算法,研究了在不同雷电流幅值和波形以及土壤低频电导率作用下,土壤非线性击穿效应对垂直接地体受土壤击穿影响的散流区域、冲击阻抗和暂态地电位升等参数的影响。结果表明,当土壤低频电导率为0.02 S/m和0.005 S/m时,垂直接地体横向散流半径分别约为0.5 m和1.2 m;接地极尖端部位的纵向散流区域分别约为0.3 m和0.9 m。此外,暂态地电位升的变化特性与注入的雷电流幅值和波头时间以及土壤低频电导率密切相关,但无论是否考虑土壤击穿效应,垂直接地极冲击阻抗最大值保持不变,仅决定于土壤低频电导率等相关土壤特性参数。工程上定义的冲击阻抗值仅表征了未考虑土壤击穿情况下的稳定阶段阻抗值,远小于文中计算的冲击阻抗最大值。

土壤非线性电离对单根水平接地体冲击特性参数的影响研究

土壤非线性电离效应是影响接地体散流能力的重要因素。为了研究冲击电流作用下土壤非线性电离对接地体泄流能力的影响规律,以单根水平接地体为研究对象,采用三维时域有限差分(3-D FDTD)数值分析方法,基于L-D(Liew and Darveniza)提出的土壤非线性电离效应模型;根据电磁场理论,建立了水平接地体仿真模型,然后从暂态冲击接地电阻、最大暂态地电位升(GPR)和电导率分布等接地体特性参数角度来研究水平接地体冲击散流的物理过程。研究表明:1雷电流在接地体及其周围土壤的散流是复杂的电磁暂态过程,接地体的散流极不均匀;2土壤非线性电离效应减小暂态冲击接地电阻,而且考虑了土壤非线性电离效应的最大暂态地电位升要远远低于未考虑土壤非线性电离的情况;3接地体端部附近土壤电离区域大于中部附近电离区域,具有明显的端部效应。

振动压路机——土壤非线性与线性动力学模型对比

结合实际压实过程中土体变形关系,建立新的非线性振动压路机模型,并选用给定压路机参数进行仿真试验。最后,根据仿真结果与线性模型仿真结果,得到非线性振动压路机模型的优点。

考虑土壤非线性的输电线路暂态过电压特性研究

土壤非线性效应将导致接地装置接地电阻具有时变特性,进而显著影响输电杆塔的电位分布,因此准确研究考虑土壤非线性效应的输电走廊雷击暂态过电压特性具有重要意义。本研究建立了一种考虑土壤非线性特性的典型220 kV输电线路暂态过电压模型。首先融合接地导体有损长线模型与EMTP,构建考虑土壤非线性特性的接地装置时变电路模型;其次通过现场试验,进行接地装置时变电路模型验证;融入绝缘子串、输电线路模块、同塔双回输电杆塔,联合构建考虑土壤非线性特性的典型220 kV输电线路暂态过电压模型;最后,基于暂态过电压模型研究典型220 kV输电走廊雷击暂态响应特性。研究结果表明:1)接地装置时变电路模型与现场试验结果平均误差仅3.6%,验证了模型的正确性;2)接地装置时变电路模型可准确模拟土壤的非线性变化特性,塔脚过电压在靠近雷电流峰值区域出现陡降,且塔脚过电压值低于单一电阻模型;3)波前时间越短,波尾时间越长,输电杆塔塔顶电位越高。

土壤水分特征曲线模型参数的非线性传输函数研究

以黄土高原区土壤为研究对象,通过土壤水分特征曲线与土壤基本理化参数系列试验,获得了Van-Genuchten模型参数的实测数据样本,建立了土壤基本理化参数与Van-Genuchten模型参数之间一一对应的关系,创建了以土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、容重、有机质含量、全盐量为输入变量,Van-Genuchten模型参数为输出变量的非线性传输函数预报模型。研究表明:以土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、容重、有机质含量、全盐量为输入变量,对Van-Genuchten模型参数进行非线性预报是可行的;所建立的非线性预报模型精度较高,预测样本下Van-Genuchten模型参数α的实测值与预测值的相对误差的平均值为9.66%,参数n的实测值与预测值的相对误差的平均值为6.83%,检验样本参数α的实测值与预测值的相对误差的平均值为7.34%,参数n的实测值与预测值的相对误差的平均值为5.45%。研究成果为黄土地区提供一种便捷获取土壤水分特征曲线的途径。

考虑土壤电离动态过程的接地体有限元模型

准确地分析接地装置的动态冲击特性是接地优化设计和输电线路防雷计算的基础。针对冲击电流下接地导体周围土壤电离区域的时变性及其沿接地导体分布的不均匀性,基于电磁场理论,建立了考虑土壤动态电离过程的计算接地体冲击特性的有限元模型。其中对于冲击电流经接地体流散产生的地中时变电磁场,采用空间电磁场有限元格式与时域有限差分格式相结合的算法,计算接地体冲击散流的动态物理过程;将离散土壤单元的电阻率设置为对应时刻该单元电场强度的函数,实现由时变的空间电场分布控制土壤特性,准确地模拟冲击散流过程中土壤参数的分布时变性;同时,引入空间坐标变换解决了有限元计算中无穷散流空间与有限的计算资源之间的矛盾,在保证计算准确度的基础上减少了计算量。通过与文献数据以及接地装置冲击散流特性模拟试验结果的对比,验证了该计算方法的有效性。

基于有限元分析方法对接地装置冲击特性研究

由于冲击电流的作用,接地体周围的土壤将会产生火花效应,使得土壤的电阻率会发生变化,进而对冲击电流的散流过程造成影响。因此本文采用有限元分析方法,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,构建了考虑火花效应的接地装置冲击散流模型,主要研究了垂直、水平接地体的冲击散流过程,通过模型的计算发现,接地装置在冲击散流的过程中电流主要从接地装置的末端散流到土壤中,这一情况也与实际情况相符合。

杆塔接地电极的冲击散流分布研究及结构优化

首先以CDEGS为仿真平台,建立了考虑土壤非线性电离的接地电极仿真模型,并对模型的正确性进行了验证;接着仿真了四种实际尺寸的放射型接地电极冲击散流分布规律,结果表明导体的水平射线部分的散流能力远大于中部方框部分,因此应当考虑在水平射线部分对接地电极进行优化改造;基于冲击散流分布规律,提出了两种接地电极结构优化方法,改进后不同冲击电流幅值下的冲击接地电阻值均有所下降,在冲击电流较小时效果更明显,且改进型2更适用;最后对工程实际水平放射型接地电极优化改进,改进后电位及冲击接地电阻值都有所降低,说明改进方案是有效的。文章研究结果对杆塔接地电极优化设计具有参考意义。

A simplified approach for settlement calculation of pile groups considering pile-to-pile interaction in layered soils

A simplified approach is presented for the analysis of the settlement of vertically loaded pile groups. In order to simulate the nonlinear pile-to-pile interaction in pile groups, the soils along the piles are assumed to behave as a series of nonlinear springs subjected to the shaft shear stress at the pile/soil interface. Considering the displacement reduction induced by the pile-to-pile interaction, the shear-deformation method is adopted to approximate the displacement field of the layered soils around the piles, and the equivalent stiffness of the springs is obtained. Furthermore, the load-settlement response of pile groups is deduced by modifying the load-transfer functions to account for the pile-to-pile interaction. The settlements of a laboratory pile groups computed by the presented approach are in a good agreement with measured results. The analysis on Contrastive parameters shows that the settlements of pile group decrease with the increase of the pile space and pile length, and the part of piles exceeding the critical pile length has little contribution to the beating capacity of the pile groups.

Numerical modeling airflow in soil with impact of groundwater

In order to simulate the airflow in anhydrous case and the water-air flow in groundwater case, a numerical model of airflow in soil was developed. For the nonlinearity of the governing partial differential equation, the corresponding discretization and linearization methods were given. Due to the mass transfer between air-phase and water-phase, phase states of the model elements were constantly changing. Thus, parameters of the model were divided into primary ones and secondary ones, and the primary variables changing with phase states and the secondary variables can be obtained by their functional relationship with the primary variables. Additionally, the special definite condition of this numerical model was illustrated. Two examples were given to simulate the airflow in soil whether there was groundwater or not, and the effectiveness of the numerical model is verified by comparing the results of simulation with that of exoeriment.

Elastic-plastic analysis for pile-anchor supporting system of deep foundation pit

By using numerical analysis methods to simulate the deep excavation,a lot of analyses are established on the basis of two-dimensional plane strain,ignoring the fact that foundation pit possesses three dimensions. For soil constitutive relation,people always take linear and nonlinear model,without considering the plastic behavior of soil. Using plastic-elastic hardening model to simulate constitutive relation of soil characteristics,the authors carried out mechanical analysis for pit excavation and support. The results show that the analysis for the stress state of pile anchor system is an effective way which provides theoretical basis for calculation of soil displacement.

基于FDTD方法的垂直接地体冲击时-频特性分析

基于L-D(Liew and Darveniza)提出的土壤非线性击穿效应模型,根据电磁场理论开发了一套三维时域有限差分(3-D FDTD)算法,建立了垂直接地体仿真模型,利用该模型于时域内从电场强度,电导率分布,最大暂态地电位升和暂态冲击阻抗的角度来研究了不同接地体长度和不同电流幅值对垂直接地体冲击散流特性的影响,于频域内从电场强度和电导率分布的角度来研究了垂直接地体在不同正弦电流频率中的散流特性。研究表明:1)接地体长度越长,土壤横向击穿区域越小,纵向击穿区域越大,最大暂态地电位升越小,暂态冲击阻抗越小;2)电流幅值越大,土壤横向和纵向击穿区域越大,最大暂态地电位升越大,暂态冲击阻抗越小;3)正弦电流频率越高,土壤的"趋肤效应"越强,极大影响了接地体的散流过程。

Influence of environmental factors on land-surface water and heat exchange during dry and wet periods in the growing season of semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau

On the basis of information from the project ＂Land-surface Processes and their Experimental Study on the Chinese Loess Plateau＂, we analyzed differences in land-surface water and heat processes during the main dry and wet periods of the semiarid grassland growing season in Yuzhong County, as well as the influences of these environmental factors. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in changes of land-surface temperature and humidity during dry and wet periods. Daily average normalized temperature has an overall vertical distribution of ＂forward tilting＂ and ＂backward tilting＂ during dry and wet periods, respectively. During the dry period, shallow soil above 20-cm depth is the active temperature layer. The heat transfer rate in soil is obviously different during dry and wet periods. During the dry period, the ratio of sensible heat flux to net radiation （H/Rn） and the value of latent heat flux to net radiation （LE/Rn） have a linear relationship with 5-cm soil temperature; during the wet period, these have a nonlinear relationship with 5-cm soil temperature, and soil temperature of 16℃ is the critical temperature for changes in the land-surface water and heat exchange trend on a daily scale. During the dry period, H/Rn and LE/Rn have a linear relationship with soil water content. During the wet period, these have a nonlinear relationship with 5-cm soil water content, and 0.21 m^3 m^-3 is the critical point for changes in the land-surface water and heat exchange trend at daily scale. During the dry period, for vapor pressure deficit less than 0.7 kPa, H/Rn rises with increased vapor pressure deficit, whereas LEIRn decreases with that increase. When that deficit is greater than 0.7 kPa, both H/Rn and LE/Rn tend to be constant. During the wet period, H/Rn increases with the vapor pressure deficit, whereas LE/Rn decreases. The above characteristics directly reflect the effect of differences in land-surface environmental factors during land-surface water and heat exchange processes, and indirectly reflect the influences of cloud precipitation processes on those processes.

Patterns and mechanisms of belowground carbon responses to changes in precipitation

It is well known that aboveground productivity usually increases with precipitation.However,how belowground carbon(C)processes respond to changes in precipitation remains elusive,although belowground net primary productivity(BNPP)represents more than one-half of NPP and soil stores the largest terrestrial C in the biosphere.This paper reviews the patterns of belowground C processes(BNPP and soil C)in response to changes in precipitation from transect studies,manipulative experiments,modeling and data integration and synthesis.The results suggest the possible existence of nonlinear patterns of BNPP and soil C in response to changes in precipitation,which is largely different from linear response for aboveground productivity.C allocation,root turnover time and species composition may be three key processes underlying mechanisms of the nonlinear responses to changes in precipitation for belowground C processes.In addition,microbial community structure and long-term ecosystem processes(e.g.mineral assemblage,soil texture,aggregate stability)may also affect patterns of belowground C processes in response to changes in precipitation.At last,we discuss implications and future perspectives for potential nonlinear responses of belowground C processes to changes in precipitation.