坡面土壤水蚀建模方法比较

首先阐述了坡面土壤水蚀建模的必要性。考虑到原有水蚀模型类型的不足 ,对当前水蚀模型按解题方法重新归为形式逻辑计算模型及辩证逻辑计算模型两类。其中 ,形式逻辑计算模型又分为经验模型、半概念半经验模型、半过程半经验模型以及理论模型 4类。

遥感信息模型、粒子系统与元球结合模拟坡面水蚀过程

从计算机图形学领域引入粒子系统与元球技术 ,同坡面土壤水蚀遥感信息模型 (RSIM WEH)结合 ,提出侵蚀体元的概念 ,从三维可视化角度动态显示坡面水蚀过程。从三维GIS理论上来说 ,这是一种新的探索 ,在技术上 。

我国南方水土流失的特征

该文阐述了我国南方水土流失特征:包括南方水土流失呈块状分布;坡面土壤侵蚀为主,泥沙主要来自坡面;土壤面蚀流失大,潜在危险性险恶;降雨量大,土壤块体运动多;土壤侵蚀强度年内变化大,土壤侵蚀的产生具有突发性;河床淤积,防洪压力与日俱增。以上问题,祈望引起社会各界关注我国南方的水土流失。

植被恢复过程与防止水土流失效果的研究

本文通过多年调查观测的资料,论证了植物措施与保持水土的关系,植被覆盖度与实施植物水土保持措施的年限成正比的关系。植被结构的改良,植被覆盖度的增长,可以缩短地表径流过程,降低径流洪峰量,增加土壤入渗量,减少地表径流量。植被覆盖度与土壤面蚀成反比的关系。植被覆盖度小于60％时,土壤侵蚀量急剧上升,覆盖度增长到60％以上时,土壤侵蚀量明显减少,覆盖度增长到60％以上时,土壤侵蚀基本停止。

Modeling of Hillslope Runoff and Soil Erosion at Rainfall Events Using Cellular Automata Approach

A novel quantitative cellular automata (CA) model that simulates and predicts hillslope runoff and soil erosion caused by rainfall events was developed by integrating the local interaction rules and the hillslope surface hydraulic processes. In this CA model, the hillslope surface was subdivided into a series of discrete spatial cells with the same geometric features. At each time step, water and sediment were transported between two adjacent spatial cells. The flow direction was determined by a combination of water surface slope and stochastic assignment. The amounts of interchanged water and sediment were computed using the Chezy-Manning formula and the empirical sediment transport equation. The water and sediment discharged from the open boundary cells were considered as the runoff and the sediment yields over the entire hillslope surface. Two hillslope soil erosion experiments under simulated rainfall events were carried out. Cumulative runoff and sediment yields were measured, respectively. Then, the CA model was applied to simulate the water and soil erosion for these two experiments. Analysis of simulation results indicated that the size of the spatial cell, hydraulic parameters, and the setting of time step and iteration times had a large impact on the model accuracy. The comparison of the simulated and measured data suggested that the CA model was an applicable alternate for simulating the hillslope water flow and soil erosion.

Study on Original Ecological Tridimensional Slope Vegetation

No matter from the perspective of slope protection, landscape effect and construction cost, or from the perspective of ecological benefit, the development of original ecological tridimensional vegetation has become the inevitable trend for slope vegetation in pursuit of protecting ecological condition, decreasing soil erosion, maintaining ecological balance and beautifying environment of slope. The concept of original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is proposed in this paper, and the original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. Specifically, the mechanical effect of slope vegetation in reinforcing the cohesion and shear strength of soil mass is firstly discussed, and then experiments are performed to study the water interception and containing function of slope under various vegetation conditions. Moreover, the relation between soil moisture and cohesion, the relation between root distribution density and cohesion, and the relation between root distribution density and soil shear strength are also studied based on experiments.Finally, based on field observation, the soil erosion states of slope under various vegetation conditions are comparatively studied. It is found that the original ecological tridimensional slope, which combines grass,shrub and tree, can generate comprehensive slope protection effects, and hence strengthen the slope protection ability and bring multiple slope protection benefits. Thereby, the theoretical foundation for developing original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is established.

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program(GGP), which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian(in Chongqing Municipality) and Ansai(in Shaanxi Province) were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.

Large-area Analysis of Soil Erosion and Landslides Induced by Rainfall: A Case of Unsaturated Shallow Deposits

Unsaturated shallow soil deposits may be affected by either superficial soil erosion or shallow landslides in adjacent or overlapping source areas and in different seasons when a different soil suction exists.The triggering analysis of both these processes is a relevant issue for the hazard analysis while the literature mostly provides specific approaches for erosion or for landslides.The paper proposes a largearea analysis for a case study of Southern Italy,consisting of unsaturated shallow deposits of loose pyroclastic(air-fall) volcanic soils that have been repeatedly affected by erosion and landslides in special seasons.For a past catastrophic event, the simulated source areas of shallow landslides are smaller than those observed in the field while the simulated eroded areas with thickness greater than 5cm are comparable with the in-situ evidences, if the analysis takes into account high rainfall intensity and a spatially variable soil cover use.More in general, the results of the paper are consistent with the previous literature and also provide a methodological contribution about the application of distinct tools over large area.The added value is that the paper shows how the combination of distinct large-area analyses may help with understanding the dominant slope instability mechanisms.Only once this goal is fully achieved, can specific physically-based analyses be confidently performed at detailed scales and for smaller specific areas.

Evaluation of the Quantity of Eroded Land in Mountains Watersheds of Vithkuqi Area （District of Korca）-Albania

Soil erosion represents one of the most important destructive phenomenon of the soil, through surface and depth erosion. The activity of water erosion in Albania is favoured from some factors like relief, geological structure, slope, soil, etc. Erosion depth growth is closely related with the vegetal cover ravage high rate and in the first instance that of woodland flora in sloping ground. The degradation of the flora or total destruction of it is defined from many factors, but in notably from social-economical system of every country. It can be also seen some special areas in our country were the results of the human negative impacts in natural environment. The erosion phenomenon is more problematic, especially during intensive raining time.

Integrating Terrain and Vegetation Indices for Identifying Potential Soil Erosion Risk Area

The present paper offers an innovative method to monitor the change in soil erosion potential by integrating terrain and vegetation indices derived from remote sensing data. Three terrain indices namely, topographic wetness index （TWI）, stream power index （SPI） and slope length factor （LS）, were derived from the digital elevation model. Normalized vegetation index （NDVI） was derived for the year 1988 and 2004 using remote sensing images. K-mean clustering was performed on staked indices to categorize the study area into four soil erosion potential classes. The validation of derived erosion potential map using USLE model showed a good agreement. Results indicated that there was a significant change in the erosion potential of the watershed and a gradual shifting of lower erosion potential class to next higher erosion potential class over the study period.

Cogitation on developing a dynamic model of soil wind erosion

Studies on soil wind erosion began with single factors affecting soil wind erosion; with increasing quantities of data being accumulated,the wind erosion equation(WEQ),the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ),the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS),and other soil wind erosion models have been successively established,and great advances have been achieved.Here we briefly review the soil wind erosion research course and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the current soil wind erosion models.From the perspective of the dynamics of wind erosion,we classified the factors affecting soil wind erosion into three categories,namely,wind erosivity factors(WEF),soil antierodibility factors(SAF),and roughness interference factors(RIF).We proposed the concept of a standard plot of soil wind erosion to solve the problem of uncertainty of the soil wind erosion modulus on a spatial scale,and provided methods to set similarity conditions in wind tunnel simulation experiments and to convert the spatial scale of the wind erosion modulus from the standard plot to a large scale field.We also proposed a conceptual model on the basis of the dynamics of soil wind erosion with the theoretical basis that wind produces a shear force on the soil surface.This shear force is partitioned by barely erodible soil surfaces and roughness elements on the ground,and the amount of soil loss by wind should be calculated by comparing the shear force of the wind on barely erodible soil surfaces with the anti-erosion force of the surface soil.One advantage of this conceptual model is that the calculated soil wind erosion modulus is not subject to changes of spatial scale.Finally,we recommended continual improvement of the existing models while also establishing new models.