绿衣观音土曲制作过程中的动力学研究

绿衣观音土曲制作过程中的动力学研究廖美德许耀才梁运祥（湖北农学院农业工程系，荆州４３４１０３）（华中农业大学，武汉４３００７０绿衣观音土曲又名土曲，南曲，是湖南、湖北两省普通用来酿制小曲白酒的曲种［１］。其种曲以大米为原料制成，呈圆饼形，表面微黄，...

绿衣观音土曲中细菌的研究

通过对湖南和湖北两省8个酒厂提供的7种绿衣观音土曲和3种母曲进行微生物数量的统计,经分析,小曲中细菌数量达108个/g曲。经过鉴定,小曲中优势细菌以葡萄球菌属、微球菌属、酒明串珠菌属和葡萄糖细菌属居多。

提高供氧能力对土曲霉生产衣康酸的影响

本文研究了供氧能力对土曲霉ＩＦＯ－６３６５分批发酵生产衣康酸能力的影响。当通风比为０．５Ｖ．Ｖ．ｍ，搅拌叶轮末端线速度为１２５．７ｃｍ／ｓ时的最大衣康酸发酵产率分别是叶轮末端线速度为９４．２ｃｍ／ｓ和７８．５ｃｍ／ｓ的１．２８倍和３倍；当添加氧载体──正十二烷，叶轮末端线速度为７８．５ｃｍ／ｓ时，与对照相比，可提高产酸１４％，但在更高的叶轮末端线速度条件下，加入正十二烷，只能促进菌体的生长，对发酵产酸是抑制作用。

初探固态法小曲酒质量的提高

以土曲为糖化发酵剂,优质玉米、高粱等为原料,采用先糖化后发酵,清蒸续米查全固态法发酵生产小曲白酒。其工序包括:浸泡、蒸煮、做箱培菌、进池发酵、出池蒸馏、半成品酒贮存、勾兑、成品酒。要提高小曲酒的质量,必须做到增香除杂;确定酒的典型风格;掐头去尾,量质摘酒和分级贮存。小曲酒的勾兑要注意各种等级酒之间的比例、老酒和新酒之间的比例、不同季节产酒之间的比例和不同原料产酒之间的比例。(孙悟)

Effect of combination of ultraviolet radiation and biocide on fungal-induced corrosion of high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy

The effect of ultraviolet(UV)radiation and biocide benzalkonium chloride(BKC)on fungal-induced corrosion of AA7075 induced by Aspergillus terreus(A.terreus)was deeply studied using analysis of biological activity,surface analysis,and electrochemical measurements.Results demonstrated that the planktonic and sessile spore concentrations decline by more than two orders of magnitude when UV radiation and BKC are combinedly used compared with the control.UV radiation can inhibit the biological activity of A.terreus and influence the stability of passive film of AA7075.Except for direct disinfection,the physical adsorption of BKC on the specimen can effectively inhibit the attachment of A.terreus.The combination of UV radiation and BKC can much more effectively inhibit the corrosion of AA,especially pitting corrosion,due to their synergistic effect.The combined application of UV radiation and BKC can be a good method to effectively inhibit fungal-induced corrosion.

江米酒中有机酸的分析

研究了江米酒中有机酸的成分及其随发酵时间的变化。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了成熟米酒中各种有机酸的含量,并比较了纯种根霉酒曲与土曲发酵江米酒中各种有机酸的含量。结果表明,江米酒中有机酸含量随发酵时间的增加逐渐增加,土曲与纯种根霉酒曲发酵米酒中有机酸含量差别较小,且含量相当,其中以乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸含量为主,并含有少量乳酸、苹果酸与乌头酸。

Damage of concrete attacked by sulfate and sustained loading

The damage processes of ordinary concrete and high strength concrete, attacked by solutions of 2. 5%, 5. 0% and 10% Na2SO4（mass fraction）are studied. And the effects of flexural loads with stress ratios of 25% and 50% of the initial flexural strength on the damage process of concrete are also investigated. The results show that the damage process of concrete attacked by sulfate salt exhibits an initial damaged stage, a performance improving stage and a performance worsening stage. When the concentration of Na2SO4 in a solution increases from 2. 5% to 5.0%, the service time of the concrete decreases approximately 25%. Furthermore, it decreases to even 40% with an increase in a Na2SO4 concentration up to 10%. And the flexural load accelerates the deterioration rate of the concrete in the latter period. The stress ratio increases from 0 to 25%, the failure time of the concrete decreases 15% ; and the failure time decreases between 25% and 35% when the stress ratio increases from 25% to 50%. In addition, sulfate corrosion products of concrete are studied by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, EDS （energy disperse spectroscopy） and XRD（X-ray diffraction）.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on fracture behavior of epoxy asphalt concrete

According to the winter temperature of Peking,the freeze-thaw（FT） condition in laboratory was determined.Seven groups of epoxy asphalt concrete（EAC） specimen were exposed to different FT cycles.The flexural modulus and fracture energy（G_F） of EAC exposed to different FT cycles were obtained through the 3-point bending test.Meanwhile,the plane strain fracture toughness（K_（IC）） of EAC was obtained through numerical simulation.The results show that the flexural modulus of the FT conditioned EAC samples decreases with the increase of FT cycles.The FT damage of flexural modulus is 60%after 30 FT cycles.Nevertheless,with the increase of FT cycles,the G_F and K_（IC） of EAC decrease first and then increase after 15 FT cycles.

师■簋盖铭文辨伪

《文物》1964年第7期发表的陕西省文物管理委员会的《陕西省记寿县武功县出土西周铜器》一文,介绍了武功县南仁公社北坡村出土的三件西周青铜器。其中两件师簋盖,各有铭文一百另一字,铸造时代断定在共王初年。 从该文的介绍和所附的拓本图象看,两件簋盖的铭文内容虽然相同,但其形制和花纹却不同,特别是在铭文书体的风格上,两者之间存在着显著的差异。因此,我在初看到这篇介绍文章时,曾怀疑一号簋盖可能是一件赝品。

The Unsaturated Hydraulic Parameters for Aeolian Sand

The water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in two processes of wetting and drying was obtained by the negative water column technique.The values of fitting parameters were calculated according to Van Genuchten formula and the parameters that characterized the prosperities of aeolian sand such as the unsaturated infiltration coefficient and specific water capacity were obtained.The results showed that the water characteristic curve for aeolian sand in wetting process had greater hysteresis quality than ...

Research on prediction of soil suction in expansive soil

Soil-water characteristic curves of expansive clay are usually measured in the laboratory, but soil suction in the field is extremely difficult and time consuming. The method of artificial neural network (ANN) is adopted to predict soil suction in the field by using measured water contents. This is done by training the network using laboratory measured soil-water characteristics. Prediction soil suction using the ANN with some limited in-situ measured water contents is compared with actual suction measurements in the field. Prediction results are discussed.

Design and Application of Automatic Test System of Soil Water Characteristic Curve

[Objective] In order to better meet the requirement of crops on a more and more accurate water content under various planting environment of modern agri-culture, an automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve was designed by combining the conceptions of soil moisture content and soil water potential. [Method] Electronic soil moisture tension meter was used to determine the real-time tension value of soil moisture in the tested container, and the electronic Weigh sensor was used to determine soil Weigh. Minusing method was used to calculate soil moisture content, based on which the soil water characteristic curve was plotted. [Result] Through the filed survey of 2 different kinds of soil in Jiangsu Province, the results were as fol ows： soil of different composition showed different trend in soil water characteristic curve that the soil water characteristic relation of the sandy soil in the old course of the Yel ow River in Xuzhou was Y=-0.000 2X3＋0.027 7X2-1.644 5X＋38.161, R2=0.991 9; while the soil water characteristic relation of the saline-alkali soil in Jinhai Farm of Dafeng was Y=-0.00 2X2-0.426X＋39.905, R2=0.991 3. [Con-clusion] The automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve soil water char-acteristics curve could reflect soil moisture content and soil water potential, as wel as reflect the effectiveness of soil water to plant growth, providing basis for the sci-entific irrigation.

The variation of nutrient concentration in the rhizosphere of larch and ash in mixed and monoculture stands

Soil samples were taken from rhizosphere zone and off-rhizosphere zone of ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) and larch (Larix olgensis Henry) in mixed and monoculture stands, and the nutrient concentration of N, P, and K was analyzed to study the effect of nutrients variation on yield improvement in the mixed stand. The result showed that: 1) The stand level total soil N concentration and available N in the mixed stand was similar to that in the monoculture stand of ash, but higher than that in monoculture stand of larch. The total N and available N concentration in rhizosphere soil of ash in the mixed stand was similar to that in the monoculture stand of ash, but the available N concentration in rhizosphere of larch in mixed stand was much higher than in its monoculture. 2) The stand level total P, total K concentration in the mixed stand was similar to that in monocul-ture stands of both species, but available P and K was more concentrated in the mixed stand than in the monoculture stands of ash. The rhizosphere available P and K of ash in the mixed stand was 44.1% and 13.5% (for the 9-yr-old stands) and 79.6% and 25.6% (for the 21-yr-old stands) higher than that in its monoculture. The improvement of soil P and K availability in the mixed stand is concluded.

Bending performance of TRC-strengthened RC beams with secondary load under chloride erosion

Textile reinforced concrete(TRC)has good bearing capacity,crack resistance and corrosion resistance and it is suitable for repairing and reinforcing concrete structures in harsh marine environments.The four-point bending method was used to analyze the influence of the salt concentration,the damage degree and the coupled effect of the environment and load on the bending performance of TRC-strengthened beams with a secondary load.The results showed that as the salt concentration increased,the crack width and mid-span deflection of the beam quickly increased,and its bearing capacity decreased.As the damage degree increased,the early-stage crack development and mid-span deflection of the beam were less affected and the ultimate bearing capacity significantly decreased.In addition,the coupled effect of the environment and load on the beams with a secondary load was significant.As the sustained load increased,the ultimate bearing capacity of the strengthened beam decreased,and cracks developed faster in the later stage.In addition,the mid-span deflection of the beam decreased at the same load level because of the influence of the initial deflection due to the sustained load corrosion.

Prediction of soil–water characteristic curve for Malan loess in Loess Plateau of China

To predict the soil-water characteristic curve(i.e.SWCC)of natural and remoulded Malan loess from soil physical properties,one-point methods for determining the SWCC that are much simpler than experimental methods are proposed.The predicted SWCC is presented in the form of the BRUTSAERT equation,in which the four model parameters can be estimated from soil physical properties using the best correlations obtained in the present study along with one measured data point.The proposed one-point methods are validated using the measured SWCC data reported in the literature.The results of validation studies suggest that the proposed one-point methods can provide reasonable prediction of the SWCC for natural and remoulded Malan loess.The measured data point should be within the transition zone;the measured suction is suggested between25to100kPa for natural loess,while between100to500kPa for remoulded loess.

Attenuation-type and failure-type curve models on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidated clay

Based on dynamic triaxial test results of saturated soft clay, similarities of variations between accumulated pore water pressure and accumulated deformation were analyzed. The Parr＇s equation on accumulated deformation was modified to create an attenuation-type curve model on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. In this model, dynamic strength was introduced and a new parameter called equivalent dynamic stress level was added. Besides, based on comparative analysis on variations between failure-type and attenuatiun-type curves, a failure-type curve model was created on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. Two models can take cycle number, coupling of static and dynamic deviator stress, and consolidation way into consideration. The models are verified by test results. The correlation coefficients are more than 0.98 for optimization of test results based on the two models, and there is good agreement between the optimized and test curves, which shows that the two models are suitable to predict variations of accumulated pore water pressure under different loading cases and consolidation ways. In order to improve prediction accuracy, it is suggested that loading cases and consolidation ways should be consistent with in-situ conditions when dynamic triaxial tests are used to determine the constants in the models.

Effect of temperature on soil-water characteristics and hysteresis of compacted Gaomiaozi bentonite

Laboratory tests under different constraint conditions were carried out to obtain the soil-water retention curves(SWRCs) of highly-compacted confined/unconfined Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite at 20,40 and 80 ℃,respectively. The effect of temperature on the soil-water characteristics of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite was analyzed. The results show that the water retention capacity of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite decreases as the temperature increases under unconfined and confined conditions. At a certain temperature,the constraint conditions have little influence on the water retention capacity of the compacted bentonite at high suction,but the water retention capacity of the confined specimen is lower than that of the unconfined specimen at low suction. Under unconfined conditions,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite decreases with increasing temperature. At high suction(>4 MPa) ,the hysteretic behaviour of the unconfined bentonite tends to increase with the decrease of the suction. In summary,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite is not significant.

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika——A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika （Ochotona curzoniae） on the vegetation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla biflarca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a companion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage increased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.

Structures and Antiviral Activities of Butyrolactone Derivatives Isolated from Aspergillus terreus MXH-23

A new butyrolactone derivative,namely butyrolactone Ⅷ （1）,and six known butyrolactones （2-7） were separated from the ethyl acetate （EtOAc） extract of the fermentation broth of a fungus,Aspergillus terreus MXH-23.The chemical structures of these metabolites were identified by analyzing their nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and mass spectrometry （MS）.Known butyrolactone derivatives contain an α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone ring with α-hydroxyl and y-benzyl,and butyrolactone Ⅷ （1） was the first butyrolactones contains α-benzyl and γ-hydroxyl on α,β-unsaturated lactone ring.All of the butyrolactone derivatives were tested for their anti-influenza （H 1N 1） effects.Derivatives 4 and 7 showed moderate antiviral activities while the newly-identified,derivative 1,did not.

Behavior of preloaded RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates

Eighteen reinforced concrete beams, including 16 beams strengthened with CFRP laminate at different levels of preload and 2 control beams, were tested to investigate the influence of preload level on flexural behavior of CFRP-strengthened RC beam. The experimental parameters include rebar ratios, number of plies of CFRP laminates and preload level at the time of strengthening. Theoretical analysis was also carried out to explain the experimental phenomena and results. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that the preload level has more influence on the stiffness and deflection of the strengthened beam, both at post-cracking and post-yielding stage, than that on the yielding and ultimate flexural strength of the strengthened beam. The main failure mode of CFRP-strengthened beam is the intermediate crack-induced debonding of CFRP laminates, provided that the development length of CFRP laminates and shear capacity of the beam are sufficient.