Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers： cost-effective soil fertili...Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers： cost-effective soil fertility survey methods are needed. This study aimed to test the applicability of infrared spectroscopy （IR） as a diagnostic screening tool for making soil fertility recommendations in small-scale production systems. Soil fertility survey of 150 small-scale groundnut farms in western Kenya was conducted using a spatially stratified random sampling strategy. Soil properties examined were pH in water （pHw）, total carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, extractable phosphorus （P）, exchangeable potassium （K）, calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg） and texture. These properties were calibrated to mid-infrared （MIR） diffuse reflectance using partial least square regression （PLSR）. Cross-validated coefficient of determination （r2） values obtained from calibration models were 〉 0.80 for all properties, except P and K with 0.66 and 0.50 respectively. Soil nutritional deficiencies were evaluated using critical nutrient limits based on IR predictions and composite soil fertility indices （SFIs） developed from the soil properties using principal component analysis. The SFIs were calibrated to MIR soil spectral reflectance with cross-validated r： values 〉 0.80. The survey showed that 56% of the groundnut farms had severe soil nutrient constraints for production, especially exchangeable Ca, available P and organic matter. IR can provide a robust tool for farm soil fertility assessment and recommendation systems when backed up by conventional reference analyses. However, further work is required to test direct calibration of crop responses to spectral indicators and to improve prediction of extractable P and K tests.展开更多
In this review, features and new trends on Turkish poultry industry are evaluated. Turkish poultry industry has rapidly developed in last years in especially broiler meat and egg production. As a result of these devel...In this review, features and new trends on Turkish poultry industry are evaluated. Turkish poultry industry has rapidly developed in last years in especially broiler meat and egg production. As a result of these developments, The Turkish poultry sector is recognized as an industry. The industry has advantages such as modem facilities and production methods, thanks to international standards and international markets in close proximity, making it able to compete with the whole world. However, industry has some problems such as the high costs of the production and dependence on extemal inputs for raw materials in feed and breeders. Fortunately, Turkey is an interesting country that can adapt very quickly to emergencies. Turkish poultry industry is trying to adapt to new and difficult conditions and often succeeded. The policies being followed by the elimination of dependence in foreign, measures taken to reduce costs and the growth of the industry are supported in an increasingly manner to increase production and consumption. Thus, it is aimed that the Turkish poultry industry became much more useful industry on reduction in unemployment and finding a solution to the immigration problem by healthier, faster and planned development.展开更多
文摘Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers： cost-effective soil fertility survey methods are needed. This study aimed to test the applicability of infrared spectroscopy （IR） as a diagnostic screening tool for making soil fertility recommendations in small-scale production systems. Soil fertility survey of 150 small-scale groundnut farms in western Kenya was conducted using a spatially stratified random sampling strategy. Soil properties examined were pH in water （pHw）, total carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, extractable phosphorus （P）, exchangeable potassium （K）, calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg） and texture. These properties were calibrated to mid-infrared （MIR） diffuse reflectance using partial least square regression （PLSR）. Cross-validated coefficient of determination （r2） values obtained from calibration models were 〉 0.80 for all properties, except P and K with 0.66 and 0.50 respectively. Soil nutritional deficiencies were evaluated using critical nutrient limits based on IR predictions and composite soil fertility indices （SFIs） developed from the soil properties using principal component analysis. The SFIs were calibrated to MIR soil spectral reflectance with cross-validated r： values 〉 0.80. The survey showed that 56% of the groundnut farms had severe soil nutrient constraints for production, especially exchangeable Ca, available P and organic matter. IR can provide a robust tool for farm soil fertility assessment and recommendation systems when backed up by conventional reference analyses. However, further work is required to test direct calibration of crop responses to spectral indicators and to improve prediction of extractable P and K tests.
文摘In this review, features and new trends on Turkish poultry industry are evaluated. Turkish poultry industry has rapidly developed in last years in especially broiler meat and egg production. As a result of these developments, The Turkish poultry sector is recognized as an industry. The industry has advantages such as modem facilities and production methods, thanks to international standards and international markets in close proximity, making it able to compete with the whole world. However, industry has some problems such as the high costs of the production and dependence on extemal inputs for raw materials in feed and breeders. Fortunately, Turkey is an interesting country that can adapt very quickly to emergencies. Turkish poultry industry is trying to adapt to new and difficult conditions and often succeeded. The policies being followed by the elimination of dependence in foreign, measures taken to reduce costs and the growth of the industry are supported in an increasingly manner to increase production and consumption. Thus, it is aimed that the Turkish poultry industry became much more useful industry on reduction in unemployment and finding a solution to the immigration problem by healthier, faster and planned development.
