2004年新疆和田地区土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病效果调查

目的评估新疆和田地区4县（于田、策勒、洛浦、墨玉）碘缺乏病防治现状及实施土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病效果，为当地制定碘缺乏病防治对策提供依据。方法参照新疆维吾尔自治区碘盐监测方案实施细则。结果触诊法检查了于田、策勒、洛浦、墨玉4县33个乡132个行政村8—10岁儿童2180名，甲状腺Ⅰ度肿大者501例，肿大率为23．0％；检测8—10岁儿童尿碘2580份，低于100μg／L1207份（46．8％），高于100μg／L1373份（53．2％）；检测的855份土盐水中，碘含量等于或小于20me／kg的有771份（90．2％）；2640名五年级小学生对碘缺乏病危害、碘缺乏影响儿童智力、碘缺乏病预防措施的知晓率分别为96．4％，84．8％，60．3％；863户使用加碘器家庭中共投放加碘器993支，其中了解碘缺乏病、知道碘缺乏影响儿童智力和碘缺乏病防治措施的家庭分别占92．6％，34．1％和88．5％，加碘器正确使用率为88．6％。结论于田策勒洛浦墨玉4县碘缺乏病仍十分严重，土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病效果显著。

土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病现场实验观察

为观测土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病 (IDD)的效果 ,1997年 6月开始在吐鲁番市阿其克村进行土盐水加碘防治 IDD现场实验研究 ,结果表明 ,居民补碘率由 4 . 0 %提高到 80 . 1% ,盐水含碘量由 4 μg/ L 提高到 4 . 6 3mg/ L,食用加碘盐水的儿童尿碘由 41 . 1 μg/ L上升到 2 0 5μg/ L,甲状腺吸碘率由 6 3. 3%降低到 36 . 8% ;持续两年后 ,甲状腺容积由原来肿大的 10 . 6 3cm3缩小到 6 . 87cm3,甲状腺肿大率由 4 9. 8%降低到 6 . 6 % ,土盐水加碘前后各项检测指标差异均显著 (P<0 . 0 1) ;碘缺乏性甲状腺肿大治愈率 86 . 8%。土盐水加碘费用低廉 ,容易被当地政府和居民接受 ,补碘量适宜 ,防治 IDD效果良好。

土盐水加碘法补碘对儿童生长发育的促进作用

为探讨土盐水加碘法补碘对儿童生长发育的促进作用 ,用标准方法测定儿童的体质、体能和智力。连续食用加碘土盐水 2年 ,碘营养水平正常 ,甲状腺肿大逐渐消退 ,9～ 11岁儿童平均身高增高 4.16 cm,体重增加 1.5 4kg,5 0 m跑速度增快 1.0 4秒 ,立定跳远增加 6 .47cm,连数速度增快 11.0 2 % ,和补碘前比较差异均显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,符号翻译增快 5 .94% (P>0 .0 5 ) ,智商 (IQ)没有变化。纠正碘缺乏可促进儿童体质、体能恢复到正常水平 。

土炒喷洒盐水加工杜仲方法探索

目的 :通过对杜仲几种方法的比较 ,以选择最佳炮制法。方法 :按照加辅料炒法的规程进行操作 ,控制一定温度 ,药物出锅后及时喷洒盐水。结果 :杜仲土炒法的断丝率最高 ,损耗率最低 ,且最大限度增加了药效和应用范围。结论

2006年新疆和田地区土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病效果分析

目的：和田地区滩盐（简称土盐）资源十分丰富,但碘缺乏病严重流行,因地制宜实施土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病是加快消除碘缺乏病的重大举措。方法：2006年11月随机抽取和田地区4县,进行土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病。结果：调查的8-10岁儿童2180名,甲状腺肿大率为23.0%;检测的855份土盐水中,等于或小于20 mg/kg有771份（不合格）,占90.2%;检测8-10岁儿童尿碘2580份,低于100μg/L,占46.8%;调查和田4县,食用碘盐有1189户,占41.3%;使用加碘器的有877户,占30.5%;食用土盐的有1453户,占50.5%。加碘器正确使用率为88.6%。结论：和田地区仍为碘缺乏病严重流行区,土盐水加碘防治碘缺乏病效果显著,在和田地区应进一步采取综合补碘措施。

元素释放器元素释放动态观察

应用我们实验室自制的元素释放器于1994～1996年进行了碘元素释放动态研究。取6个带有不同释放板的释放器和3个目前应用的缓释器为对照，每个均装入2克碘酸钾，置于土盐水中，应用溴氧化法每两周测定一次水碘含量。实验组释放高于0．5mg／日碘时间为490～722天，对照组仅229～243天。实验组在此期间内日平均释放量为1．22±0．45～1．75±1．47mg／日。按五口之家计算，每天可提供244～350μg碘。由此释放器所提供的碘对碘缺乏地区居民是安全的。

Effect of Salt Solution on Characteristics of Soil Infiltration

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of salt solution on characteristics of soil infiltration, and to provide references for the further studies on the effect of water quality on soil infiltration characteristics and its mechanism. [Method] With the NaCl, CaCl2 solutions as the main test materials, the effect of different water quality and salt solution concentration on soil infiltration was studied under one-dimensional vertical ponded water infiltration at laboratory. [Result] The solution concentration could affect the infiltration performance. The trends of the infiltration rates, cumulative infiltrations and wetting front migration distances were all 50 mg/L 100 mg/L 10 mg/L. At the same concentration, the effect of NaCl solution on soil infiltration characteristics was more significant than CaCl2 solution： in the same time, cumulative infiltration and wetting front migration distance of NaCl solution were greater than CaCl2 solution; compared with NaCl solution, CaCl2 solution took longer time to infiltrate the same amount of water. The dynamic changes of infiltration rate, wetting front and cumulative infiltration were well fitted to the Philip model. [Conclusion] This study only conducted indoor experiment to the infiltration of salt solutions, involving in low concentration and small range. Although it provided some references for the study on the effect of water quality on soil infiltration characteristics and its mechanism, studies in larger areas and with bigger concentrations are demanding.

Saline Water Irrigation Scheduling Through a Crop-Water-Salinity Production Function and a Soil-Water-Salinity Dynamic Model

Using a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model, optimal irrigation scheduling was developed to maximize net return per irrigated area. Plot and field experiments were used to obtain the crop water sensitivity index, the salinity sensitivity index, and other parameters. Using data collected during 35 years to calculate the 10-day mean precipitation and evaporation, the variation in soil salinity concentrations and in the yields of winter wheat and cotton were simulated for 49 irrigation scheduling that were combined from 7 irrigation schemes over 3 irrigation dates and 7 salinity concentrations of saline irrigation water (fresh water and 6 levels of saline water). Comparison of predicted results with irrigation data obtained from a large area of the field showed that the model was valid and reliable. Based on the analysis of the investment cost of the irrigation that employed deep tube wells or shallow tube wells, a saline water irrigation schedule and a corresponding strategy for groundwater development and utilization were proposed. For wheat or cotton, if the salinity concentration was higher than 7.0 g L-1 in groundwater, irrigation was needed with only fresh water; if about 5.0 g L-1, irrigation was required twice with fresh water and once with saline water; and if not higher than 3.0 g L-1, irrigation could be solely with saline water.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Highly Salinized Topsoil of Salt-Affected Soil During Water Infiltration

Continuous monitoring of salt and water movement in the soil profile of highly salinized topsoil under steadystate infiltration was conducted.It gives that salt and water dynamics during convection-diffusion period can be divided into three stages:1.formation of a salt peak,2.the salt peak moving downwards till the appearance of the summit of the salt peak,3.the salt peak moving further downwards with the peak value decreasing.Results show that the maximum salt peak appears at the same depth if soil texture and outflow condition are the same.Factors affecting salt and water movement and ion components in the outflow solution underinfiltration are discussed.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils:Ⅲ.Effect of Crop Planting

Through a simulation test conducted with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter) in field condition,effect of crop planting upon the regulation of salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by monitoring of salt-water dynamics in situ,using soil salinity sensors and tensiometers.The results indicated that the amount of water absorbed by crops from the soil was generally larger than the decrement of water consumption from soil surface evaporation reduced by the crop covering the soil surface and improving the soil structure,therefore,under the conditions of crop growing and non-irrigation,water content in soil profile was less than that without crop growing,and the gradient of negative pressure of soil water in soil profile especially in the root zone was enlarged,thus causing the water flowing from subsoils into root zone and increasing the groundwater moving upwards into soil layer via capillary rise,so that the groundwater evaporation increased.Consequently,under the condition of crop growing,the salt was mainly accumulated towards the root zone rather than to the top soil.the accumulating rate of salt in groundwater via capillary rise of soil water to subsoils was increased thereby.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: II. Effect of Precipitation on Salt-Water Dynamics

Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8 cm in diameter), the effect of precipitation on salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by in-situ monitoring of salt-water dynamics using soil salinity sensors and tensiometers. The results show that in the profile of whole silty loam soil, the surface runoff volume due to precipitation and the salt-leaching role of infiltrated precipitation increased with the depth of ground water; and in the profile with an intercalated bed of clay or with a thick upper layer of clay, the amount of surface runoff was greater but the salt-leaching role of precipitation was smaller than those in the profile of whole silty loam soil. In case of soil water being supplemented by precipitation, the evaporation of groundwater in the soil columns reduced, resulting in a great decline of salt accumulation from soil profile to surface soil. The effect of precipitation on the water regime of soil profile was performed via both water infiltration and water pressure transfer. The direct infiltration depth of precipitation was less than 1 m in general, but water pressure transfer could go up to groundwater surface directly.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.

Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Rice

Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performanceof this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmol L-1) created with NaCl. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was notsignificantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaCl levels of 60 and 90 mmol L-1 affectedthe root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root andshoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicatingthe preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all thelevels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca andMg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca+Mg):Na ratios in shoot and rootwere comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principalsalt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.

PRIMARY ANALYSIS ON GROUNDWATER,SOIL MOISTURE AND SALINITY IN FUKANG OASIS OF SOUTHERN JUNGGAR BASIN

Soil salinity is the most important factor affecting vegetation distribution,and the secondary salinization has affected the development of oasis agriculture.In arid areas the spatial variation of soil moisture and sa lt content is marked-ly affected by groundwater,irratio nal irrigation in artificial oasis.By analyzing the soil moisture,salt content and groundwa-ter table in different areas of old oasis,new oasis and desert in Fukang Oa sis,it is shown that topography and l and use are main factors affecting the change of groundwater table,the redistribution of soil moisture and salt cont ent.When undis-turbed by human,the groundwater tab le rises from mountain to belt of grou nd water spillage,the groundwater t able rises mightily in plain because of the artificial irrigation,and the secondary salinization of soil is very seriou s.In oasis the ground-water table raises compared with that in the natural desert at the same latitude.In old oasis of upper reaches o f river salt has not been concentrated too much in rhizosphere because this area is the belt of groundwater drainage,soil t exture is coarse,the groundwater table is very low,and the salt in soil is drained i nto the groundwater.The new oasis has been the areas of salt accumulation becau se of the artificial irrigation,the salt content in soil is higher than th at in old oasis,so some cultivated fields here had to be thrown out because of the serious s econdary salinization.

Preparation and characterization of metakaolin-phosphate cement

We prepared cold-setting cement with metakaolin from kaolin dehydrated at 800 ℃ and phosphate, and studied the phase composition, microstructure and setting reaction mechanism of the cementing material by means of infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The metakaolin-phosphate cement is predominantly amorphous, where the phases responsible for chemical setting are mainly amorphous aluminophosphate hydrates. The reactivity of metakaolin depends on the particle size. Metakaolin particles of 1.75 μm in D50 have an acid dissolution index up to 18.45%, and the reaction with phosphate at room temperature to form metakaolin-phosphate cement takes only 6 h. The so obtained cement shows a compressive strength of 92.5 MPa after 7 d and keeps its amorphous phase at 1 000 ℃, demonstrating better bonding and mechanical properties and higher stability at a medium or high temperature.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: V. Salt Balance in Soil Profiles

Salt balance in simulated soil columns was calculated on the basis of a large amount of long termobservation data. The results showed that under the climate conditions of senii-arid region of the Hnaiig-Huai-Hai Plain, the soils in the columns were under salt accumulation conditions when the groundwater depthwas controlled at less than 2.0 m, and under desalinization conditions when at larger than 2.5 m. In the soilcolnmns with clay soil and silty loam soil intercalated with a clay layer, the aniount of salt accumulated wasfar less than that in the soil column with silty loain soil throughout the whole profile. Under no irrigationconditions crop planting niay increase groundwater evaporation and hence salt accumulation in soil, mforingthe soil colnmns under desalinization be under salt accumulation conditions.

Characteristics of Channeling Flow in Cultivated Horizon of Saline Rice Soil

By applying bromide ion as tracer, the channeling flow has been quantitatively described in saline rice soil and alkaline soil of Da＇an City, Jilin Province of China. Breakthrough curves of bromide ion in the saline rice soils after 1-year cultivation and 5-year cultivation and alkaline soil have been attained. Results show that the rice cultivation practice can improve the alkaline soil structure, however, it can accelerate the development of channeling flow pathway. Therefore, the channeling flow pathway has been developed widely in saline rice soil, but rarely in the alkaline soil. Three models of convection-dispersion equation （CDE）, transfer functional model （TFM） and Back-Progation Network （BP Network） were used to simulate the transportation process of bromide ion. The peaks of probability density function of saline rice soil are higher with left skewed feature compared with that of the alkaline soil. It shows that the TIM and CDE can simulate the transportation process of the bromide ion in saline rice soil after 5-year cultivation, however, some deviation exists when it was used to simulate transportation process of bromide ion in saline rice soil after 1-year cultivation and alkaline soil; BP network can effectively simulate transportation process of bromide ion in both saline rice soil and alkaline soil.

Controls of Soluble Al in Experimental Acid Sulfate Conditions and Acid Sulfate Soils

The controls of soluble Al concentration were examined in three situations of acid sulfate conditions: 1)experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of varying amounts of Al(OH)3 (gibbsite) into a sequenceof H2SO4 solutions; 2) experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of the same sequence of H2SO4solutions into two non-acid sulfate soil samples with known amounts of acid oxalate extractable Al; and3) actual acid sulfate soil conditions. The experiment using gibbsite as an Al-bearing mineral showed thatincrease in the concentration of H2SO4 solution increased the soluble Al concentration, accompanied bya decrease in the solution pH. Increasing amount of gibbsite added to the H2SO4 solutions also increasedsoluble Al concentration, but resulted in an increase in solution pH. Within the H2SO4 concentration rangeof 0.0005～0.5 mol L-1 and the Al(OH)3 range of 0.01～0.5g (in 25 mL of H2SO4 solutions), the input ofH2SO4 had the major control on soluble Al concentration and pH. The availability of Al(OH)3, however, wasresponsible for the spread of the various sample points, with a tendency that the samples containing moregibbsite had a higher soluble Al concentration than those containing less gibbsite at equivalent pH levels.The experimental results from treatment of soil samples with H2SO4 solutions and the analytical results ofacid sulfate soils also showed the similar trend.

Research on soil salt transfer under freeze-thawing condition

Soil salt transformation plays an important role in the freeze-thawing process,which is also one of basic problems of cryopedology. The very special law is made up of the two time salt-moisture transfer under freeze-thawing condition. Based on the latest research at home and abroad,through the investigation of soil moisture-salt change in the freeze-thawing process,the conclusion is made that the soil water potential gradient is the main driving force of soil salt movement and the factors are of quantities. The research shows that,when freezing,temperature drops,salt and moisture move towards frozen layer. All make the salinity content of the frozen layer increase significantly. In the thawing process,salinity and moisture in the soil move up again with evaporation and makes the salt second migration.

Salt－Water Dynamics in Soils：IV．Changes of Ionic Composition in Soil Profiles During Water Evaporation and Infiltration

Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8 cm in diameter), the changes of ioniccomposition in soil profile during the processes of water evaporation and infiltration were studied. Underevaporation conditions, ions moving upward with fresh groundwater were mainly Cl￣-, SO, Ca￣(2+), andNa￣+. When the mineralized groundwater took part in the salt accumulation, the ionic composition in soilswas close to that in ground water supplemented. Under rainfall infiltration conditions, the salt-leaching roleoccurred mainly in the top soil. With the decrease of total salt content, NO and Cl￣- reduced rapidly, SOdecreased slowly, but HCO had a little change only. Among cations, Na￣+ and Ca￣(2+) contents lowered atthe same speed, and Mg￣(2+) decreased slowly.