“土橐”试释

《韩非子·五蠹》中的疑难词语"土橐"至今没有一个公认的解释。本文从语音和语义上进行考证,认为"土橐"是"社长"的通假。

嵌入式治理:政党与社会关系视阈下的党组研究

在中国政治中,执政党通过党组联接国家和社会。从执政党与社会的关系视阈来看,党组是中国共产党对社会领域的组织嵌入,同时也是一种重要的嵌入式治理机制,是执政党对社会进行组织调控和有效治理的重要组织资源。党组嵌入式治理的生成具有较厚实的政治、社会及价值基础。在嵌入式治理的内在逻辑中,党组通过人事嵌入、权力嵌入和文化嵌入等,来实现嵌入式吸纳、监管与渗透,从而增强执政党在社会网络中的领导力,夯实执政党的合法性基础。党组在运转时要注意发挥嵌入客体的功能与积极性,努力实现与嵌入客体的良性互动。

浅析新时期富宁民间土戏班的发展特点和复兴契机

由于种种原因,曾经你方唱罢我登场的富宁民间土戏热闹场面已经成为历史,戏班零落,农村戏班存续状况令人堪忧,壮剧又一次陷入低谷。进入新世纪,群众的物质生活条件改善,思想观念改变和文化自觉意识增强,政府文化部门的大力扶持,非物质文化遗产保护工作的深入开展和专项保护经费的落实,使富宁农村壮剧班的发展面临新的复兴契机并开始走向复苏的道路。

Identification of Heterogeneity of Social and Economic Environment of Land Uses in China

The robust principal component analysis （RPCA） is a technique of multivariate statistics to assess the social and economic environment quality. This paper aims to explore a RPCA algorithm to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of social and economic environment of land uses （SEELU）. RPCA supplies one of the most efficient methods to derive the most important components or factors affecting the regional difference of the social and economic environment. According to the spatial distributions of the levels of SEELU,the total land resources of China were divided into eight zones numbered by Ⅰ to Ⅷ which spatially referred to the eight levels of SEELU.

御:社土崇拜及其农耕—生殖文化主题

对土地的崇拜,是先民从生存体验中直接产生出来的一种本质意识。甲骨文“御”字的造字结构,形象地传达出了上古时代关于土地崇拜的文化信息。在农业文明的低级阶段,体现于“封土为社”的宗教行为中的最直接的意图,是关系于祈年、祈雨的生存愿望。作为以祭土祀社为实质内容的一种宗教行为和表意方式,“御”的历史迹象中,体现了先民生存本能中现实意识的投入,其终极目的则关系着“求福报功”的功利倾向。闻一多认为,这个能予民福佑的神便是先妣,也就是高?。御,作为神圣的宗教礼仪活动中一个重要的主题内容,贯彻在高?祀的过程中,其行为关系着以生殖机能为主题、以神祈为终标的原始宗教思维。

“圣”字文化源流探考

甲骨文中的"圣"字,保存着丰富的原始社会文化内容。从它与"土"、"社"的关系来看,它不仅与原始社会的社稷祭祀文化存在密切关系,而且内含着原始社会的神话传说,反映了人类社会原始部落、民族普遍的农业革命的文化现象。

瓶中信的奇幻漂流

《被时间遗忘的土地》这部科幻电影讲述了一个探险故事:第一次世界大战期间,一艘德国潜艇在击沉一艘英国船只以后,潜艇被幸存者们控制,但是这艘潜艇开错了方向,将这些幸存者带到了一片未知的土地上,那里栖息着大量恐龙和穴居人,幸存者们在这片土地上经历了非常惨烈而痛苦的生死搏斗,最终命运无人得知。如果电影中的情节是真实的,那这段故事又是怎么让其他人知晓的呢?对,答案就是漂流瓶。

中国手工艺产业联盟

中国手工艺产业联盟(Chinese Handicraft Industry Union,缩写为CHIU),致力于中国手工艺文化产业的扶持发展与整合支持,由中国唯一一本关注中国手工艺的杂志《中华手工》发起,携手中国深具影响力的品牌企业、组织、工艺大师、设计师、专家学者联合发起及组成。联盟宗旨是搭建手工产业链各个环节与各个手工门类纵向与横向的交流平台,提供联盟内的资源对接,为会员提供产业发展的对称信息与各类服务,促使中国手工艺产业可持续健康发展。

邂逅河海

邂逅一场春雨,在清凉山麓下的河海校园里。雨来得有些突然,温婉地落在这块土地上,渗透在这片充满恬静、灵性的清凉山北麓,滋润着人们的心田。教学楼墙外的爬山虎散发出油绿的光亮,它的触角,肆意地盖满整个窗棂,屋里屋外都是绿色。校园里参天法桐夹道而立,仿佛在诉说久远的故事。

Rural Tourism Format Network Mode Based on Community Participation:A Case Study of Jindatian Village of Zhejiang Province

Because of the existing problems, features and demands in China ’s rural tourism development, sustainability in modern rural tourism necessitates the own ca-pability of rural vil ages and the active participation of community residents. The structure of rural community with the impact of rural tourism is analyzed, and the coupling relation between rural tourism development mode and rural community is discussed. With the integration of rural tourism resource and community capability, network of rural tourism formats is organized starting with the possibility and ways of participation of community＆#39;s vil agers, and formats of public resource type, plat-form investment type, smal and micro enterprises type, and general investment type are constructed to realize the positive cycle of rural community factors and tourism development. A case study of Jindatian Vil age demonstrates the feasibility of rural tourism network mode based on community development, which can depend on community＇s capability to realize the sustainable rural tourism, the protection and heritance of rural culture, and the regeneration of rural economy.

Combined Effects of Cadmium and Butachlor on Microbial Activities and Community DNA in a Paddy Soil

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium(Cd,10 mg kg-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor(10,50,and 100 mg kg-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration(100 mg kg-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.

Shrinking greenery： Land use and land cover changes in Kurram Agency, Kohi Safid Mountains of north-western Pakistan

Deforestation and other Land Use and Land Cover(LULC) changes, driven by variety of physical and anthropogenic factors, have altered the mountainous environment. Mountains around the world including northern and north western belts of Pakistan are highly sensitive to deforestation and other LULC changes, which have profound impacts on various sectors of bio-physical and socio-economic systems. Assessment of LULC changes has high significance for protection, conservation and monitoring mountainous environment. The present study is an attempt to assess the landscape changes with particular reference to forest cover depletion in Kurram Agency located in the north western mountain belt of Pakistan. For detailed comparative analysis the study area has been divided into three sections, which coincide with the present administrative divisions of the Agency, i.e., Upper,Lower and Central Kurram. Temporal span of this study covers four decades. In this study, land use map of 1970 and land sat satellite imageries of 1987, 2000 and 2014 were used as spatial data sets. The images were processed and classified into six LULC classes through geospatial packages and change detection maps were prepared for each division and time period.Findings of the study reveal two trends in the four major LULC categories. Forest and rangeland have shrunk, on average, by 15% and 7.5% respectively while, bare soil and rocks outcrops have expanded by 89% and agriculture land by 7.2% in Kurram agency.The water bodies and snow cover have minor fluctuation in its land area. Major causes of shrinking greenery is attributed to high influx of Afghan refugees and high energy demand of growing population. However, with outflow of the refugees from Kurram agency the general trend in forest cover has reverted and deforestation rate has slowed down.

Autoimmune liver disease and the Canadian First Nations Aboriginal Communities of British Columbia's Pacific Northwest

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a well-known but uncommon chronic liver disease that is presumed to be of autoimmune etiology. Recently, investigations in British Columbia (BC), a province of Canada situated along the Pacific North-West of North America, have suggested that PBC is not a rare disease amongst BC's Aboriginal (i.e. First Nations) communities. Geographically, BC is adjacent to South East Alaska, an American state that has also reported an increased prevalence of PBC amongst its Aboriginal communities. In this article, the medical evidence supporting a hypothesis of increased risk of PBC amongst BC's First Nations communities is reviewed. Evidence suggesting that autoimmune hepatitis is also more likely amongst BC's First Nations communities is also presented.

LAND USE CHANGE AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVING FORCES UNDER STRESS OF PROJECT IN OLD RESERVOIR AREA——Case Study of Linshui Reservoir Area of Dahonghe Reservoir in Sichuan Province

The old reservoir areas built in 1950s- 1970s left behind many socio-economic problems, because of the administrative backward migration and little migration fund, and all these problems would be tied to land. Based on interviewing with peasant households, combining land use survey and socio-economic statistical index, this paper analyzed land use change and its corresponding driving forces in Linshui reservoir area of Dahonghe Reservoir. Results showed that land use change in the reservoir area was mainly embodied on low-lying land submergence and migration requisition land. The former changed the land use patterns, and the latter mainly reconstructed original land property and made land over-fragmented. Cultivated land per capita was 0.041ha in this area, below the cordon of cultivated land per capita enacted by FAO. Currently, there were still 30.25% of peasant households being short of grain in trimester of one year, and there were 35.27% of people living under the poverty line. The conditions of eco-environmerit in Linshui Reservoir Area were worse, and healthy and sub-healthy eco-environment accounted for less proportion, composed of green belt around the reservoir area and paddy field ecosystem, and economic forest and orchard ecosystem, respectively. The stress of the reservoir project was macroscopic background to analyze the driving factors of land use change, and real underlying diving factor of the land use change in the area was the change of cultural landscape under the stress of reservoir project. The rapid increase of population was the key factor to induce the change of man-land relationship in the reservoir area, the low level of rural economy was the crucial factor to decide how migrants input for production, and the belief of migrants, influencing the land use patterns in a certain extent, was the inducing factor to keep land use stable. The low-lying submergence and infrastructure construction accompanied the reservoir project were leading factors driving land use change in the area, while changes in land use patterns, after the reservoir being built, were the responses of peasant households＇ behaviors to land use change.

Analysis of Coupling between Soil and Water Conservation and Economic-social Development

The coupling relation exists in water and soil conser-vation and economic-social development. The article analyses the relation of soil and water conservation and economic-social development stages as well as the coupling analytical method. Then calculates the expecting income by dispersing Markov decision and calculates the correlation coefficient and the re-lationship degree. The article obtains the relationship of soil and water conservation investments and all kinds of incomes. Finally, it analyzes the important meaning in socio-economic development of water and soil conservation.

Reconciling Local and Global Agendas in Sustainable Development: Participatory Research with Indigenous Andean Communities

This paper discusses participatory research in the Andes and presents a case study in Cotacachi, Ecuador, where sustainability scientists and indigenous people seek common ground in their respective but drastically different research and social agendas. Participatory research based on Andean experiences pre-dated and inspired much of the later international movement in agriculture, health, and conservation. Andean communities have a long history in demanding that outsiders address the needs of the community as a condition for carrying out scientific or applied activities. What an Andean community, however, sees as relevant may or may not be within the rubric of ‘participatory research’ as it is practiced throughout much of the world. In fact, overzealous participatory researchers are just as bothersome as their predecessors bearing long questionnaires. More important to Andean people is an equitable relationship with researchers and developers in which exchanges of value are made. A distinction between ‘enriching’ and ‘extractive’ research is drawn. In the case of the SANREM project in Cotacachi, Ecuador, scientists carried out enriching research activities of interest to local people as a wayto generate social capital for conducting basic research which does not have an obvious, immediate local benefit. The requested research did not have a conventional participatory methodology but provided valuable products (educational opportunity, germplasm, community visualization tools, and information) to the indigenous community in exchange for time and resources to conduct research on more basic natural resource questions. We argue that in the Andean context the key to reconciling the needs of scientists and of local needs is seeking new forms of equitable collaboration which reach beyond the present and now somewhat tired discourse of ‘participation’.

Agroforestry Initiatives for Capacity Building and Social Security through Captive Plantations on Degraded Lands of Farmers in State Karnataka, India

To meet the demand of raw material, i.e., wood, from the available sources always remained a big challenge for paper industries since the last two decades. For a sustainable supply of raw material in future, major plantation activities were undertaken by paper industries, like West Coast Paper Mills Limited （WCPM）, by constituting a society, i.e., Society for Afforestation, Research and Allied Works （SARA）, Dandeli in 2001. The main aim was to promote afforestation programme through major plantations activities on the degraded lands （under rainfed condition） and to generate employments and capacity building. The WCPM is a leading paper manufacturing industry of the country （under the flagship of Bangur group） located at the bank of Kali River in Dandeli of Uttar Kannada district in State Karnataka. To date, company through SARA has raised captive plantations on more than 50,000 acres of degraded land by farmers in different districts of Maharashtm, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu States under Captive Plantation Project through Contract for Farming （CFF） since 2006 under a simple agreement period of only five years. After five years, society arranged to harvest the first rotation crop of the farmer of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 plantations and paid the amount of the crop directly to farmers. SARA has a mutual contract with WCPM for purchasing pulpwood. With this, farmers are getting full amount of their crop harvested after five years without any hurdle through SARA. SARA did all the expenditures, i.e., from land development, plantation and harvesting. Under its agroforestry plantation programme, superior planting material of various pulpwood species suited to particular area, i.e., Eucalyptus, Subabul, Casuarina and Acacia were planted on farmer＇s land. Farmers were also encouraged for intercropping, like maize, peanut （groundnut）, chilly, tomato and ginger with plantations. Apart from this, SARA is also providing free fodder to the livestock of farmers. Various types of fodder species such as Stylosanthes scabra, S. hamata are grown with plantation. SARA has also set up its own hi-tech clonal nursery developing around 5-6 millions of clonal ramets every year through clonal propagation technology. Till date, SARA has received 0.15 million ton （MT） of pulpwood from the plantations on farmer＇s land with a yield of 25-30 MT/acre. This type of activities will prove a boon for farmers as well as for industry, when raw material is going to be short in India. It will also conserve our natural resources, high conservative valued forests （HCVF） and will reduce the pressure on forest for wood. In addition, this will maintain the balance between environment and nature. To meet the requirement of pulpwood for industry, this type of plantation activities will open new ways for industry to secure raw material for future use. Also, this would be helpful to enhance productivity and generate employments for rural communities to improve their living standard and capacity building.

African Land： From Need to Greed

The land issue remains a colonial legacy which Africa must resolve to facilitate the region＇s Before colonialism land was considered by communities as economic rather than a socio-economic advancements political resource. Agricultural communities vacated land no longer fertile or useful for pasture. Conflicts over parcels of land were therefore rare and if they did occur often resulted in migration. Scramble over parcels of land was thus for need. However, with European scramble and arbitrary partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, formal boundaries were established by colonialists between colonies, a policy later pursued by colonial administrators between communities within colonies. Colonial policies and decolonization process in some colonies complicated the land problem, resulting in the scramble over land for greed by the newly independent states and communities. Land scrambled for greed engendered generalized conflicts. This paper thus intends to argue that the scramble over land for greed made land more a factor of contention than peace in Africa. A chronological-illustrative method, with references from the different geographical divide in Africa was adopted to explore the changing land usage and faces of land conflicts in Africa with the finality that land question in the region is largely a colonial problem.

A study on the evolution of land use for modern urbanization in China:1952-2005

Modern cities and towns play as the central places of wealth accumulation for human-being, not only in the ways of settlement and material consumption as they were traditionally in ancient time, but also in the ways of social production and environmental pollution as they are mostly today. With such a transition, the meaning of land use for urbanization has broadened. According to the rule of human ecosystem, land use for modern urbanization can be divided into three types: namely, the direct, the indirect and the induced. However, its structure follows its own way of the direct < the indirect < the induced, rather different from what it normally happens in the natural ecosystem. This paper takes China as an example, calculates the evolution of the land used by cities and towns during 1952-2005 according to statistics, and then analyzes the evolvement of the structure. At last, it puts forward several countermeasures to ensure land resource requirement for urbanization in future.