Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two...Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two world wars was abandoned and it was intended to dominate world politics. Likewise, it can be considered as the smoking gun for power loss of continental Europe, including England, against the Soviet Union. When Turkey had to find its way into Western alliance in this new period divided into two poles and called as ＂Cold War＂, it intended to enter into economic acquis formed by Marshall Plan. Turkey, in the process to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union that started mainly by Truman Doctrine, was of the first priority status by the USA just like Greece. It can be said that Turkish economy made an important progress to move into liberal system from its statist structure through Marshall Plan. Accession process to European Union integration mandated by the USA was started by Republican People＇s Party （CHP） and it was also continued in Democratic Party period with liberal program that took over the power as a result of elections in Turkey. Although Marshall Plan created economic added value in Turkey at the beginning, it could not create a sustainable welfare process as consultants coming from the USA had insisted on unilateral economic policies and Turkey was directed towards military spending due to being seen mainly as a buffer state against the Soviet Union and Middle East. It can be also said that arrangements arising from double standards in the application compared to European countries caused economic instabilities in the long run.展开更多
Football is a sports branch comprising a ＂human＂ factor with different aspects, such as intelligence, intuition, will, character, struggle, spectators, and balance. With the created global economic market, football ...Football is a sports branch comprising a ＂human＂ factor with different aspects, such as intelligence, intuition, will, character, struggle, spectators, and balance. With the created global economic market, football is an indispensable part of our lives. It entices the masses, plays an effective role in the socio-economic destinies of societies, and directs the mass psychology of societies negatively and/or positively. The success that football clubs in Turkey attained recently in Europe and the third standing that our national football team gained in 2002 have accentuated the relationship between the printed football media and football. Today, Turkish sports journalism sometimes tends to exploit the emotions and encourages the discourses inciting violence and biases to get more readers （to increase the circulation rate） and guarantee the continuation of the attention. Many words expressing militarism are used in the headlines of sports news. In these articles, the footballers are depicted as alert soldiers and the teams as troops conditioned to victory. In the frame of both national matches and the European Cups, the militaristic elements are used through nationalistic discourses in the sports news of the printed media. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the presentation and quantity of the militaristic elements used in the news on football in newspapers. The news in the Milliyet, as a mainstream newspaper, issued in two periods, namely after the 2002 World Cup （November 1-December 31, 2002） and today （February l-March 30, 2008） will be studied through the discourse analysis method with respect to the headlines and contents. Therefore, the comments and the ideas of columnists will be excluded from the scope of this study.展开更多
In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as ...In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as the means of modernization and Westernization. Therefore, impressionism, cubism, realism, and classicism were supported by the state as a formal artistic understanding. This attitude continued until the 1940s and artists painted certain subject matters on the basis of these art movements. The main theme and subject matters were the presentations of an idealized society such as palace＇s life, attractive women in Western appearance, happy peasants, war heroes, and beautiful views from the country. In the early 1940s, significant breakup began to take place in point of the theme and the subject matter of art. Social realism began to take shape for the first time in art in Turkey. The artists of Yeniler Grubu （Newcomers Group） focused on social phenomena related disadvantaged social groups rather than an idealized society. Some artists among the 1950 generation, especially Nedim Gunsur, Nuri iyem, and Miimtaz Yener, focused on migration and social problems that occurred correspondingly in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper aims to investigate how these artists depicted and interpreted the migration and its consequences.展开更多
文摘Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two world wars was abandoned and it was intended to dominate world politics. Likewise, it can be considered as the smoking gun for power loss of continental Europe, including England, against the Soviet Union. When Turkey had to find its way into Western alliance in this new period divided into two poles and called as ＂Cold War＂, it intended to enter into economic acquis formed by Marshall Plan. Turkey, in the process to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union that started mainly by Truman Doctrine, was of the first priority status by the USA just like Greece. It can be said that Turkish economy made an important progress to move into liberal system from its statist structure through Marshall Plan. Accession process to European Union integration mandated by the USA was started by Republican People＇s Party （CHP） and it was also continued in Democratic Party period with liberal program that took over the power as a result of elections in Turkey. Although Marshall Plan created economic added value in Turkey at the beginning, it could not create a sustainable welfare process as consultants coming from the USA had insisted on unilateral economic policies and Turkey was directed towards military spending due to being seen mainly as a buffer state against the Soviet Union and Middle East. It can be also said that arrangements arising from double standards in the application compared to European countries caused economic instabilities in the long run.
文摘Football is a sports branch comprising a ＂human＂ factor with different aspects, such as intelligence, intuition, will, character, struggle, spectators, and balance. With the created global economic market, football is an indispensable part of our lives. It entices the masses, plays an effective role in the socio-economic destinies of societies, and directs the mass psychology of societies negatively and/or positively. The success that football clubs in Turkey attained recently in Europe and the third standing that our national football team gained in 2002 have accentuated the relationship between the printed football media and football. Today, Turkish sports journalism sometimes tends to exploit the emotions and encourages the discourses inciting violence and biases to get more readers （to increase the circulation rate） and guarantee the continuation of the attention. Many words expressing militarism are used in the headlines of sports news. In these articles, the footballers are depicted as alert soldiers and the teams as troops conditioned to victory. In the frame of both national matches and the European Cups, the militaristic elements are used through nationalistic discourses in the sports news of the printed media. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the presentation and quantity of the militaristic elements used in the news on football in newspapers. The news in the Milliyet, as a mainstream newspaper, issued in two periods, namely after the 2002 World Cup （November 1-December 31, 2002） and today （February l-March 30, 2008） will be studied through the discourse analysis method with respect to the headlines and contents. Therefore, the comments and the ideas of columnists will be excluded from the scope of this study.
文摘In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as the means of modernization and Westernization. Therefore, impressionism, cubism, realism, and classicism were supported by the state as a formal artistic understanding. This attitude continued until the 1940s and artists painted certain subject matters on the basis of these art movements. The main theme and subject matters were the presentations of an idealized society such as palace＇s life, attractive women in Western appearance, happy peasants, war heroes, and beautiful views from the country. In the early 1940s, significant breakup began to take place in point of the theme and the subject matter of art. Social realism began to take shape for the first time in art in Turkey. The artists of Yeniler Grubu （Newcomers Group） focused on social phenomena related disadvantaged social groups rather than an idealized society. Some artists among the 1950 generation, especially Nedim Gunsur, Nuri iyem, and Miimtaz Yener, focused on migration and social problems that occurred correspondingly in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper aims to investigate how these artists depicted and interpreted the migration and its consequences.
