This study tries to compare the modernization of Republican Turkey and South Korea. It should be considered on two important points about the history of modernization of Republican Turkey. The first of these is mental...This study tries to compare the modernization of Republican Turkey and South Korea. It should be considered on two important points about the history of modernization of Republican Turkey. The first of these is mentalities and ideological attitudes of modernizing elites. The emphasis to be made is to actually point to an opposition： Republican bureaucracy, in other words, the Kemalist elites, believed that progress in the sense understood by the French revolutionaries, positivist ideas, and secular point of view, on the other hand refused to tradition, namely Ottoman-lslamic past/background. Secondly, the Kemalist bureaucracy followed a specific application of the statist economic strategy. The state on the one hand has made investments using its own resources on heavy industry, established monopoly on certain products, on the other hand has followed liberal policies in order to create a national bourgeoisie. In addition, it cannot resolve/transform land ownership regime in favor of landless peasants. The turning point in the economic development of Korea was the military government of Park Chong Hee. The main policy during the 20 years of government was self-sufficient national economy. A presidential central industrial planning board （EPC） was responsible for the planning of all new investment areas and provided policy coordination among related ministries. Government could control the allocation of all financial resources through nationalized commercial banks. Economic planning by government included resource allocation, setting export targets for big family holdings, selective support of strategic industries, and successful private companies. So, government played an important role in the accumulation of capital in the hands of selected loyal new bourgeoisie class, big family holdings （chaebols）, which helped the succession of national development projects. The government used nationalism and moderated Confucius values as a means of creating developmental spirit. Anti-industrial teachings in Confucianism has been changed by Western values to form a new development-oriented work ethics, but core teachings like paternalism, hierarchical order in groups, emphasis on education, harmony, collectivism were strengthened by national education. Government policies and modified cultural elements caused an able and willing labor force and committed nation for overcoming poverty, strengthening Korea＇s economic position in the region.展开更多
With the mission of absorption of the capital through urban renovation, AKP （the Justice and Welfare Party） took over the metropolitan municipality administrations in big cities in 1995, and the Government of the Re...With the mission of absorption of the capital through urban renovation, AKP （the Justice and Welfare Party） took over the metropolitan municipality administrations in big cities in 1995, and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in 2002. Together with the 2003 Mass Housing Act, 14 legal regulations were enacted between 2002 and 2008 to expand the field of activity and increase the funds of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） which was already established during ANAP （the Motherland Party） Government in 1980s. As a result of those regulations, TOKI, as the ＂latest goddess of the construction myth＂, became the only authorized organization in the field of housing and land production in AKP＇s cities. It acquired new duties from generating profit-oriented projects to protecting historical texture, and it was authorized to make and approve zoning plans for the lands and plots handed over to TOKI of the last government （the Justice and Welfare Party） created as an investor-entrepreneur-contractor-performer group. This paper＇s aim is to indicate the transformation of TOKI foundation during the last twenty years, and also to prove that TOKI, as a governmental profit-oriented design tool, has demolished the unique DNA/morphological textures of the contemporary Turkish big cities by producing low profiled similar architecture and urbanity in the recent past.展开更多
A major educational debate today concerns how to recruit and prepare teachers all over the world. In other words policy makers in education attempt to figure out high quality initial teacher training programs. Similar...A major educational debate today concerns how to recruit and prepare teachers all over the world. In other words policy makers in education attempt to figure out high quality initial teacher training programs. Similarly, one of the main controversial issues in Turkey is who is going to be a teacher. Alternative programs for recruiting and preparing teacher have been devised, discussed, and applied. However, these programs have been implemented not because of results of research comparing the effectiveness of teachers from different types of preparation backgrounds but the program has been implemented because of current government policies. Since Turkish education system is centralized, the Ministry of National Education appoints all novice teachers according to their scores in the nationwide state examination conducted by state for state employee. Teachers in Turkey are recruited from two sources： One is education faculty graduates to be teacher at elementary, middle and high schools. The other source is different faculty graduates such as faculty of literature, art, science, theology, and etc. to teacher, particularly, at high schools. The aim of this study is to review teacher training and recruitment in Turkey from 1923 to present. The method of this study is to analyze printed document and changing policies and reforms about training and recruiting teachers in Turkish schools. During the Republic Era teacher training policies and applications have been changed several times radically. In addition, the effectiveness of factors on teacher training policies in terms of year and theory is indicated.展开更多
文摘This study tries to compare the modernization of Republican Turkey and South Korea. It should be considered on two important points about the history of modernization of Republican Turkey. The first of these is mentalities and ideological attitudes of modernizing elites. The emphasis to be made is to actually point to an opposition： Republican bureaucracy, in other words, the Kemalist elites, believed that progress in the sense understood by the French revolutionaries, positivist ideas, and secular point of view, on the other hand refused to tradition, namely Ottoman-lslamic past/background. Secondly, the Kemalist bureaucracy followed a specific application of the statist economic strategy. The state on the one hand has made investments using its own resources on heavy industry, established monopoly on certain products, on the other hand has followed liberal policies in order to create a national bourgeoisie. In addition, it cannot resolve/transform land ownership regime in favor of landless peasants. The turning point in the economic development of Korea was the military government of Park Chong Hee. The main policy during the 20 years of government was self-sufficient national economy. A presidential central industrial planning board （EPC） was responsible for the planning of all new investment areas and provided policy coordination among related ministries. Government could control the allocation of all financial resources through nationalized commercial banks. Economic planning by government included resource allocation, setting export targets for big family holdings, selective support of strategic industries, and successful private companies. So, government played an important role in the accumulation of capital in the hands of selected loyal new bourgeoisie class, big family holdings （chaebols）, which helped the succession of national development projects. The government used nationalism and moderated Confucius values as a means of creating developmental spirit. Anti-industrial teachings in Confucianism has been changed by Western values to form a new development-oriented work ethics, but core teachings like paternalism, hierarchical order in groups, emphasis on education, harmony, collectivism were strengthened by national education. Government policies and modified cultural elements caused an able and willing labor force and committed nation for overcoming poverty, strengthening Korea＇s economic position in the region.
文摘With the mission of absorption of the capital through urban renovation, AKP （the Justice and Welfare Party） took over the metropolitan municipality administrations in big cities in 1995, and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in 2002. Together with the 2003 Mass Housing Act, 14 legal regulations were enacted between 2002 and 2008 to expand the field of activity and increase the funds of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） which was already established during ANAP （the Motherland Party） Government in 1980s. As a result of those regulations, TOKI, as the ＂latest goddess of the construction myth＂, became the only authorized organization in the field of housing and land production in AKP＇s cities. It acquired new duties from generating profit-oriented projects to protecting historical texture, and it was authorized to make and approve zoning plans for the lands and plots handed over to TOKI of the last government （the Justice and Welfare Party） created as an investor-entrepreneur-contractor-performer group. This paper＇s aim is to indicate the transformation of TOKI foundation during the last twenty years, and also to prove that TOKI, as a governmental profit-oriented design tool, has demolished the unique DNA/morphological textures of the contemporary Turkish big cities by producing low profiled similar architecture and urbanity in the recent past.
文摘A major educational debate today concerns how to recruit and prepare teachers all over the world. In other words policy makers in education attempt to figure out high quality initial teacher training programs. Similarly, one of the main controversial issues in Turkey is who is going to be a teacher. Alternative programs for recruiting and preparing teacher have been devised, discussed, and applied. However, these programs have been implemented not because of results of research comparing the effectiveness of teachers from different types of preparation backgrounds but the program has been implemented because of current government policies. Since Turkish education system is centralized, the Ministry of National Education appoints all novice teachers according to their scores in the nationwide state examination conducted by state for state employee. Teachers in Turkey are recruited from two sources： One is education faculty graduates to be teacher at elementary, middle and high schools. The other source is different faculty graduates such as faculty of literature, art, science, theology, and etc. to teacher, particularly, at high schools. The aim of this study is to review teacher training and recruitment in Turkey from 1923 to present. The method of this study is to analyze printed document and changing policies and reforms about training and recruiting teachers in Turkish schools. During the Republic Era teacher training policies and applications have been changed several times radically. In addition, the effectiveness of factors on teacher training policies in terms of year and theory is indicated.
