天经·地义·人情:具体普遍性的结构

普遍性是现代最具基础性的意识形态,在很大程度上它被理解为超越论背景的绝对普遍性。这种绝对普遍性固然具有从等级性秩序中解放的潜能,但同时也因为设置了每一存在者与绝对者的同等距离而带来了均质化的后果。同时,由于意义被建立在与绝对者的唯一关联中,因而绝对者由于其吞噬性和支配性品质,导致人成为去宇宙化、去政治历史化的孤独个体以及宇宙论层次上的虚无主义。在绝对普遍性得以构建的视域即绝对时间被节奏时间取代的世俗时代,具体普遍性的构建有了基础,儒家思想中的天经、地义与人情构成具体普遍性的三个相互渗透的维度。天经并非抽象的普遍性,而是使天地间万物各自生存节律的交织叠构得以可能的复合境域,也是天空、大地万物与人类社会遵守的共通节奏和律则;地义是基于地方性或风土性的适宜性原理;人情则是人的意识、情志、好恶等因素构成的共同倾向。天经、地义、人情三者的互补、交织与共构,构筑了既具普遍性,又接地气,同时又有活力的具体普遍性。具体普遍性的意义在于,既避免了绝对普遍性及其单一性、均质化、虚无化后果,同时也为多样化、差异性、共生性的秩序提供了根据。

Mathematical Definitions of Operators for Cartographic Generalization

This paper puts forword 11 cartographic generalization operator models and introduces their mathematical definitions,and thus a precise mathematical form and quantitative description has been given to these formerly limited qualitative concepts.The meaning of mathematical definition of operators for cartographic generalization and the application prospect in computer_aided cartography (CAC) is stated.ract The Jurassic strata in Jingyan of Sichuan containing the Mamenchinsaurus fauna are dealt with and divided in this paper. The Mamenchisaurus fossils contained there are compared in morphological features and stratigraphically with other types of the genus on by one. The comprehensive analysis show that the Mamenchisaurus fauna of Jingyan appeared in the early Late Jurassic and is primitive in morphology. The results of the morphological identification and stratigraphical study agree with each other. Their evolutionary processes in different apoches of the Late Jurassic also made clear. Key words Jingyan, Sichuan, Mamenchisaurus Fauna, stratigraphy, evolution

On the priority of salient meanings in English idioms understanding

Giora proposed that general principle of salience： salient comprehension of figurative and meanings are processed first and literal language be governed by a more meaning salience determines the type of processing invoked. According to the Graded Salience Hypothesis, processing familiar metaphors should involve the activation of both their metaphoric and literal meanings, regardless of the type of context in which they are embedded. Processing less familiar metaphors should activate the literal meaning in both types of contexts; however, in the literally biased context, it should be the only one activated. Processing familiar idioms in context biased towards the idiomatic meaning should evoke their figurative meaning almost exclusively, because their figurative meaning is much more salient than their literal meaning. However, processing less familiar idioms in an idiomatic context should activate both their literal and idiomatic meanings because both meanings enjoy similar salience status.

KPF的一次优雅转身——中国海洋石油公司总部设计

中国海洋石油公司总部是KPF于2006年在北京新完成的一个重要作品,作者从三个角度:基地一策略、形式一意义和空间一透明,对这一作品进行了简单的介绍。

Re-Os isotopic data for molybdenum from Hejiangkou tungsten and tin polymetallic deposit in Chenzhou and its geological significance

Hejiangkou W-Sn-polymetallic deposit is a newly found deposit in Xitian ore field,one of the important and large scale W-Sn-polymetallic ore fields in the middle segment of Nanling metallogenic zone.Re-Os isotope dating was used on three molybdenite samples from Hejiangkou deposit to determine the ore forming period.The result is(224.9±2.6)Ma-(225±3.1)Ma and isochron age is(225.5±3.6)Ma.The field geological observations,geochronological data and optical petrography indicated that Hejiangkou deposit underwent multi-period of superimposed mineralization.It can be differentiated into three periods composed of six mineralization stages.The first period is the initial period for hydrothermal metasomatism and metal element enrichment during Indosinian Epoch.Further enrichment,strong brittle fracturing and hydrothermal metasomatism,remobilization and superimposition happened in the second period,during early Yanshanian.It is the major mineralization period of Hejiangkou deposit and can be subdivided into four mineralization stages,namely the skarn stage,oxide stage,high-temperature sulfide stage and low-temperature sulfide stage.And the third period is the mineralization period of a porphyry-skarn system related to the emplacement of the granite porphyry dyke.As minerogenic epoch of Hejiangkou deposit is similar with Hehuaping deposit,they show the possibility of Indosinian mineralization event in Nanling metallogenic zone.It can be an important perspective in any future mineral exploration in the same metallogenic zone.

STATUS AND DYNAMIC CHANGE OF REGIONAL MAN- LAND SYSTEM IN VIEW OF MICRO-LEVEL QUANTITATIVE ASPECT -Case Study of Gongyi City of Henan Province

A micro-level analysis on man-land system is important in understanding the content of human geography in rural areas, particularly in the different regions. This paper is based on a survey undertaken in the three villages of Wugou Village, Hutuo Village, and Xiaonan Village of Gongyi City, ltenan Province in April 2003. The survey covers three types of economic and social activities from 214 households. Data collected include 120 attributes for each household. By using theories from the relevant disciplines such as geography, mathcmatics, physics, ecology, and system sciences, this paper develops a framework employing the concept of system entropy in the status function of the man-land system. In this framework, the entropy change is used to show the evolution of the system, and the entropy flow to express the flow among the spatial parts of the system. Following the framework, and using a large set of household data from surveys, the paper makes a quantitative analysis of the village-level man-land system from a micro-perspective. After a theoretical investigation, the corresponding strategies in the paper are then put forward in order to adjust the unbalanced trend of the village man-land system from both perspectives of small-area and individual actors.

Distribution characteristic and geological signiflcance of rare earth elements in Lopingian mudstone of Permian,Panxian county,Guizhou province

In order to discuss the geochemical characteristic of REEs （rare earth elements） and their geological application, we measured the contents of rare earth elements, trace elements and minerals of 29 Lopingian （Late Permian） mudstone samples in Panxian county, carrying out ICP-MS and XRD analysis. The results show that the amount of REEs （185.56-729.46 ×10-6） is high. The ratios of w（LREE）/w（HREE） （6.84- 13.86） and W（La）N/w（Yb）N （1.01-3.02） show clear differentiation of LREEs and HREEs. ZREE has a significantly or critically positive correlation with lithophile elements Th, Nb, Ta, Ti, Ca, Sc, Cs, Zr, Hf, Sr, Be and chaicophile element Zn, a critically negative correlation with siderophile element Fe and a slightly positive correlation with illite, illite smectite mixed layers and siderite. REEs originate mainly from terrigenous minerals, in an inorganic phase, Source rocks of our samples consist of Emeishan basalt and a small part of sedimentary rocks, as suggested by the distribution patterns of REEs and w（∑REE）- w（La）/w（Yb） diagram. Moreover, abnormal surfaces near the sequence boundaries （SB2, SB3, SB4） are related wiLth the boundaries, identified by geochemical characteristics of the REEs, such as ∑REE. w（LREE）/w（HREE）, Eu/Eu＊ and Ceanom.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of diorite dikes from Nancha ore deposit in Tonghua area of Jilin and its geological significance

The authors presented geochronology and geochemical data of diorites from Nancha gold deposit in Tonghua region, with the aim to constraining its formation age, magma source and tectonic setting. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results of zircons from the diorites indicate that the rocks were formed in the Middle Jurassic （171 ±2 Ma, MSWD = 1. 19）. Geochemically, these rocks have Si02 concentrations of 52. 52%-54. 90%,K20 of 2. 14%-3.84% , Na20 of 3. 17%-3. 35% , MgO of 7. 43%-9. 34% and high Mg# of 68. 57-72. 57. These rocks are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements（ LILE,such as K, Ba, Rb and Sr） and light rare earth elements （ LREE） , relatively depletion in high field strength elements （ HFSE, such as Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr） , and heavy rare earth elements （HREE）. These characteristics suggest that primary magma of the rocks were derived from the partial melting of mantle with miner crustal contamination, which may related to partial melting of mantle wedge by addition of sediment melt from subducting oceanic crust. Based on former and present studies, the authors consider that the Nancha ore deposit high-Mg diorites were formed in compres- sional structural setting which is similar to volcanic arc. It could be related to the subduction of the Paleo-Paci- fic plate beneath the Eurasian continent.

Susceptibility of pine stands to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe

The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/ plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables （e. g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop felds, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites） were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised Linear Model （GLM） through SPSS version 15 （2006） to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5 % level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significandy vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water

Characteristics of Metamorphic Rock Magnetic Fabrics in the Nyalam Area of the Southern Tibet and Its Geological Significance, China

This paper reports Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics in the Nyalam area of southern Tibet. The analytical results of magnetic fabrics show that the values of H are high （〉 10% in general）, so the ductile deformations of the Precambrian rock are strong. The orientation of the maximum principal stress inferred from the minimum magnetic susceptibility is nearly S-N, NE-SW and NW-SE. The Flinn diagram of the magnetic fabrics show that the strain pattern is oblate and constrictional type. Magnetic foliation of great majority of rock samples is well developed and the magnetic lineation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is flattened. The magnetic lineation of the minority rock samples is well developed and the magnetic foliation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is prolate. According to the geological field and the magnetic fabrics, there are 3 times tectonic stress field in SN directed extruding, NW-SE directed extruding, NW-SE directed extension. It shows that the Nyalam area has undergone process the orientation of SN, NW-SE nappe structure and NW-SE directed extension structure. The change of tectonic stress is reflected by the field characteristics of the Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics that is the direct responding result of the arc-continental, continent-continental collision between the India and Asian continents in the late part of the Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene and subsequently shifted to intra-continental convergent, the plateau uplifting and extension structure stage since the Late Eocene.

Geospatial Semantic Interoperability Based on Ontology

In GIS field, great varieties of information from different domains are involved in order to solve actual problems. But usually spatial information is stored in diverse spatial databases, manipulated by different GIS platforms. Semantic heterogeneity is caused due to the distinctions of conception explanations among various GIS implements. It will result in the information obtaining and understanding gaps for spatial data sharing and usage. An ontology-based model for spatial information semantic interoperability is put forward after the comprehensive review of progress in ontology theory, methodology and application research in GIS domain.

SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of a small tonalite intrusion in metamorphic belt of Chinese Altai orogen and its geological implication

Small granitic intrusions occur in the progressive metamorphic belts of the Chinese Ahai orogen. SHRIMP U-Pb analyses were performed on zircons separated from a tonalite intrusion and yielded a concordant age of 409.6±3.7 Ma （ MSWD = 0.93 ）, restricting the emplacement and crystallization of the tonalite intru- sion to the Early Devonian. Combined with the existing geological data of the contemporary large granitic plutons in the Chinese Altai orogen, the tonalite is considered to be formed together with other granitic rocks in a continental arc setting. The tonalite intrusion has consistent foliation with its country rocks, indicating the strain resuiting in the regional deformation should be very strong during or after the early Devonian.

Adakitic rocks associated with the Shilu copper–molybdenum deposit in the Yangchun Basin,South China,and their tectonic implications

South China is famous for the extensive magmatism and polymetallic mineralization that took place there in the Mesozoic. Shilu is a large porphyry–skarn Cu–Mo deposit in the Yangchun Basin, South China. The lithology of the Shilu intrusion is granodiorite and quartz diorite, both of which are high-K calc-alkaline series, with high Sr([400 ppm) content along with low Y and Yb contents. Most of the samples have characteristics of adakite except for a few samples that have slightly higher Y and Yb contents, which may be plausibly explained by crustal contamination. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating revealed ages between 106.6 ± 1.3 and 103.9 ± 0.5 Ma, with multiple magmatic pulses. Molybdenite Re–Os isochron age of 102.2 ± 2.9 Ma(MSWD = 9.4) was determined, which is identical to the youngest zircon U–Pb age(103.9 ± 0.5 Ma) within error.The Shilu intrusion has high oxygen fugacity as indicated by high zircon Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+) and Eu_N/Eu_N* ratios. Considering the geochemical characteristics(high Sr, and low Y and Yb contents), high oxygen fugacity, and copper mineralization of the Shilu intrusion, it was most likely formed by partial melting of a subducted young oceanic slab. Whole-rock Sr–Nd isotope-, zircon Hf isotope-, and whole-rock trace element analyses show that Shilu adakitic magmas may have interacted with type II enriched mantle and/or crustal materials during ascent. South China was affected by the Pacific tectonic regime to the east and the Neo-Tethys tectonic regime to the south in the Cretaceous. Based on the Pacific Plate drifting and rotation history, it is hard to explain how the Pacific Plate would have subducted and melted, forming adakitic rocks in the Shilu region. Considering the tectonic history of Southeast Asia and the South China Sea, the Neo-Tethys trench should have been much closer to the South China Block in the Cretaceous, and thus have had a greater impact on the South China Block. Based on the subduction direction, time of subduction,and distance between the Neo-Tethys subduction zone and the Shilu deposit, subduction of the Neo-Tethys ridge is the best mechanism for explaining the Shilu adakitic rocks and Cu–Mo mineralization.

A mechanical system to predict wet grip potential of pavements

A precise friction model is essential for the prediction of tyre wet grip performance and optimization of pavement surface texture design.A mechanical system for predicting the wet grip potential of asphalt pavement was systematically presented using an extended rubber material model by a time step integration scheme.This analytical approach was transferred to a 2D numerical multi-body system consisting of interconnected masses,coupling spring and elementary rubber element of a generalized Maxwell model of rubber tyre tread.The system consists of two basic modules with the same program structure and algorithm,considering the frequency-,temperature-,and strain-dependency behaviors of the complex dynamic modulus of rubber element.The dependence of penetration depth and friction coefficient on the velocity was simulated and validated.It can be concluded that this system can be used for predicting the wet grip potential of asphalt pavements.

Specificity and Semantic Horizon of the Human Sciences from the Viewpoint of Bakhtin＇s Metalinguistics

This article explores the potential resources of the Bakhtin＇s theory of dialogism and its core concepts for the development of the philosophy and methodology of the human sciences. Focusing on Bakhtin＇s late essays： ＂The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences; From Notes Made in 1970-71;＂ and ＂Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences,＂ the author deals with such concepts as sense, semantic whole, superaddressee, the third, and outsideness. Metalinguistics is interpreted as a philosophical approach to the problems of humanities methodology. The specifics of the human sciences, which Bakhtin put to the question, are described in comparison and correlation with the natural sciences. The author elaborates the idea of the communicative three-part relationship or trilogue （as a development of the dialogue）. The role of the superaddressee as the third participant of the trilogue between the researcher （the subject） and the text （the object） is discussed. The notion semantic whole and its implementation in the process of the sense＇s becoming （development） are analyzed.

Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic mixosedimentite in northern Anhui and its geological significance

Major oxides,as well as trace elements (including rare earth elements) compositions have been analyzed for the mixosedimentites from Neoproterozoic Jiayuan Formation in northern Anhui,China. The results show that the concentrations of elements are closely related to the relative proportions of carbonates and terrigenous detritus (varying from 2/3 to 1/9 based on petrographic study). The ratios between some immobile elements (e.g. La,Th,Zr and Sc) are constant and then can be used as tracers for the discrimination of provenance and tectonic setting of terrigenous detritus. The results indicate that the terrigenous detritus mainly came from the felsic volcanics related to continental arc,with minor contribution from the old basement. Combined with recent research progresses,these mixosedimentites imply that the Neoproterozoic sedimentation in northern Anhui was probably taken place in a back arc basin during the convergence of Rodinia super continent between 1.0 and 0.8 Ga.

Democratic Constitution and Ethnic Organizations in Malawi： Preserving Good Culture or Promoting, Regionalism, Nepotism and Tribalism

Due to the advent of the 1994 democratic constitution particularly sections 32 and 33 which provide for every person＇s right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and also to academic freedom Malawi has significantly witnessed mushroom development of tribal organizations, aiming at preserving and protecting local religious beliefs and cultural practices. The Chewa Heritage Foundation （CHEFO） and the Muhlako wa Alhomwe （MWA） are among the well-known numerous ethnic organizations through which the traditional beliefs, cultural and religious practices enjoy significant respect from Chewa and Lhomwe people. Although the new Constitution has cleared a road for the establishment of these ethnic organizations, it seems activities of all ethnic associations are significantly promoting tribalism and nepotism, in addition to being used as campaign tools by political parties. This article intends to critically assess and evaluate the role and the impact of the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Muhlako wa Alhomwe on rule of law, govemance and culture in Malawi. The following question will guide the discussion： Why are the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Mulhako wa Alhomwe cultural associations while exercising their constitutional rights promoting tribalism, regionalism and nepotism and used as campaign machinery by both opposition and ruling political parties？ Its hypothesis is, in spite of preserving protecting cultural practices as guaranteed in constitution, tribal organizations need to be watchful so that they should not promote tribalism, nepotism and being used as campaign tools by crooked and opportunist politicians.

Geochemistry and tectonic significance of Early Cretaceous granites in Highland 1248 of Daxing'anling

The Early Cretaceous granitic complex in Highland 1248 of Daxing'anling successively consists of intruded granodiorite,monzonite granite and syenite granite. Through test analysis on the major,trace and rare earth elements of the intrusive complex,this study focuses on the source characteristics and tectonic environment of the original magma of intrusive complex. The results show that the intrusive rocks in Highland 1248 are meta-aluminous-peraluminous rocks in calc-alkaline series with homologous characteristics in δEu negative anomalies; the complex is enriched in LILE( Rb,Cs and K) and depleted in HFSE( lanthanide,Sc,Y,U,Nb and Ta),displaying the geochemical characteristics of I-type granites in active continental-margin subduction zones. The complex also has the characteristics of granites after the collision of plate with rich aluminum and high potassium,but significantly depleted Nb,Ta,Ti,P and other elements,i. e. in the orogenic evolutionary stage. The zircon U-Pb SHRIMP isotopic apparent age of the complex in Highland 1248 is 140. 0--141. 0Ma,and the formation time is in Early Cretaceous.

Religious and Cultural Significance of the Citron （Citrus medica L. ＇Diamante＇） from Calabria （South Italy）： A Biblical Fruit of the Mediterranean Land

The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by which it was brought from its country of origin to the Mediterranean basin where it is cultivated in Corsica, Crete and in southern Italy （Calabria region）. In particulary, Citrus medica ＇Diamante＇ grows, almost exclusively, in a restricted area of the Tyrrhenian cost of the region Calabria, called ＂Riviera dei Cedri＂, a relevant local economic district. This citron has been and is, still being used by Jews for worship during the Feast of Tabernacles, a very important religious ritual, where it plays a prominent part; in fact, for this holiday of Sukkot, the use of the authentic citron that grows in Calabria region is recommended, because it is not grafted. In this paper, the fascinating history of C. medica and its spread from the centers of origin to the Mediterranean is reported with the aim to investigate the religious and cultural significance of the C. medica ＇Diamante＇, an exclusive and historical heritage of the Calabria region.

African Land： From Need to Greed

The land issue remains a colonial legacy which Africa must resolve to facilitate the region＇s Before colonialism land was considered by communities as economic rather than a socio-economic advancements political resource. Agricultural communities vacated land no longer fertile or useful for pasture. Conflicts over parcels of land were therefore rare and if they did occur often resulted in migration. Scramble over parcels of land was thus for need. However, with European scramble and arbitrary partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, formal boundaries were established by colonialists between colonies, a policy later pursued by colonial administrators between communities within colonies. Colonial policies and decolonization process in some colonies complicated the land problem, resulting in the scramble over land for greed by the newly independent states and communities. Land scrambled for greed engendered generalized conflicts. This paper thus intends to argue that the scramble over land for greed made land more a factor of contention than peace in Africa. A chronological-illustrative method, with references from the different geographical divide in Africa was adopted to explore the changing land usage and faces of land conflicts in Africa with the finality that land question in the region is largely a colonial problem.