油茶新造林丰产栽培技术及油茶低产林改造技术探讨

指出了茶油是生活中比较常用的一种食用油,食用茶油能起到较好的保健效果,且油茶籽在榨出油分后还可用于其他生产与加工,油茶树也是一种价值较高的经济作物。探讨了油茶新造林丰产栽培技术,提出了油茶地产林改造技术措施,以提高油茶林的生产质量与数量,提高油茶林的经济效益。

八角低产林改造技术及主要病虫害防治方法

八角是我国特有的珍贵经济树种。藤县古龙八角以产量高、种植历史悠久、品质较佳等特点而闻名。然而,当前,有相当数量的山区群众对八角产业精细化管理并不重视,仍然以粗放经营为主,导致八角林木呈现明显的衰退、老化趋势,甚至连续多年均出现低产、劣质的情况。文章就八角低产林改造技术及主要病虫害防治方法进行探讨。

上思县油茶丰产栽培技术及低产林改造技术

自从广西壮族自治区上思县将油茶栽培作为扶贫种植项目后,该县的油茶种植面积逐渐扩大,但是由于种植户没有掌握科学的栽培技术,油茶的产量并不高.基于此,以上思县油茶丰产栽培技术及低产林改造技术作为研究对象,总结出油茶幼苗的丰产栽培技术以及油茶幼林与成林的丰产抚育管理技术,并且提出改造低产林的相关技术.

洛江区油茶低产林改造技术探讨

本文针对福建省泉州市洛江区国营加锥农场油茶低产低效的问题进行研究,探讨低产油茶林高效改造栽培技术。本文着重分析了油茶低产原因分析及改造技术措施。2010年在农场开展对油茶低改技术措施的改造,并观测了不同改造方式油茶低产林改造萌芽生长和产量影响,分析总结油茶低产林改造效果,对油茶低产林改造提供技术支撑。

Effects of Alternative Nitrogen Management Regimes on Production of Eucalyptus in Tropics and Sub-tropics

This paper presents the effects of alternative nitrogen management regimes on production of Eucalyptus in tropics and sub-tropics carried out in autumn, 2011. The aim of the study was to review alternative nitrogen management regimes that could enhance the positive effects and reduce negative effects of different Eucalyptus species in the perspective of smallholders. Literature review was used to survey the alternative nitrogen management regimes on eucalyptus trees. There was a significant improvement （P ≤ 0.01） in mean annual increment （MAI） as measured at seven years of Eucalyptus tereticornis in the plots planted with only legume, pueraria and stylosanthes, compared to that of the control on altitude 150 m and rainfall of 2,000 mm at the age of seven years, The MAI of Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in plots planted with beans and rice shows a significant improvement （P ≤ 0.05） over the control treatment. Only the plots treated with nitrogen fertilizer 550 kg/ha showed significant improvement （P ≤ 0.05） in terms of MAI of Eucalyptus nitens, compared to the control treatment. In general, it can be concluded that as these alternative management regimes enhance productivity of Eucalyptus woodlots, the challenge for the small-scale farmers is on how to manage them sustainably. Therefore, forest policies that take consideration of increasing production of Eucalyptus and managing biodiversity with reference to these alternative management regimes should be developed in tropics and sub-tropics.

Research on Institutional Innovation of Non-public Forestry

This article analyzes the form and the mechanism of non-public forestry＇s institution obstacles by classical economies, institution economics＇, legal economics and economic theories of modern forestry. Regarding the proprietary institution as the core, and cost-income as the main clewf-it defines the concept and eategory, of non-public forestry subsidy and compensation. And oecorrling to the relased control and efficiency principle of market econonf-this paper establishes a set of institution that accords with the development of non-public forestry, offers both theoretical supports and decision- making references to remove institution obstacles of nan-public forestry, and coordinates the policies of non-public forestry with those of the public-owned forestry.

Abuses of Women in Inheritance Across Cultures： An Exploratory Study of Its Prevalence and Religious Panacea

The patriarchal nature of African society generally lays emphasis on the superiority of men over women in every sphere of life. When a woman dies, in most African societies, her legacy is usually inherited by the husband, children, and her family. But if a man dies, the widow, usually experiences false accusations of killing her husband to deny her share of her husband＇s properties. This paper examines how the dynamics of cultural practices in Nigeria promotes abuse of inheritance rights of women and discusses the possibilities of using Islamic inheritance rules as a divine solution to the abuse of inheritance rights of women. The research questions as follows： what is the nature of women＇s rights to father＇s estate？ What is the nature of widow＇s right to the husband＇s estate？ What is your perception about the Islamic law of inheritance？ The data for this study were collected using questionnaire and simple percentage was used for the analysis. In this respect, a questionnaire was administered to 220 women who were purposely selected from the three major tribes in Lagos state, Nigeria. The result showed that various cultures in Nigeria favour male child, grant male higher rights to land and other properties and promote abuse of inheritance rights against women.

Effect of Water Level Fluctuations on Wintering Goose Abundance in Poyang Lake Wetlands of China

The Poyang Lake is a Ramsar site and is the important over-wintering site for migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Fly way. Examining the effects of water level fluctuations on waterbird abundance and analyzing the influencing mechanism is critical to waterbird protection in the context of hydrological alteration. In this study, the effect of water level regime on wintering goose abundance was examined and the influencing mechanism was interpreted. Synchronous waterbirds survey data, hydro- logical data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （MODIS-NDVI） data and habi- tat data derived from Landsat TNUETM data and HJ/CCD data were combined. The satellite-derived Green Wave Index （GWI） based on MODIS-NDVI dataset was applied to detect changes in goose food resources. It was found that habitat size and vegetation conditions are key factors determining goose abundance. Geese numbers were positively correlated with habitat area, while intermediate range of vegetation productivity might benefit the goose abundance. Water level affects goose abundance by changing available habitat areas and vegetation conditions. We suggested that matching hydrological regime and exposed meadows time to wintering geese dynamics was crucial in the Poyang Lake wetlands. Our study could provide sound scientific information for hydrological management in the context of waterbird conservation.

Examining Forest Net Primary Productivity Dynamics and Driving Forces in Northeastern China During 1982–2010

Forest net primary productivity （NPP） is a key parameter for forest monitoring and management. In this study, monthly and annual forest NPP in the northeastern China from 1982 to 2010 were simulated by using Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach （CASA） model with normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） sequences derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） Global Invento y Modeling and Mapping Studies （GIMMS） and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） products. To address the problem of data inconsistency between AVHRR and MODIS data, a per-pixel unary linear regres- sion model based on least ~;quares method was developed to derive the monthly NDVI sequences. Results suggest that estimated forest NPP has mean relative error of 18.97% compared to observed NPP from forest inventory. Forest NPP in the northeastern China in- creased significantly during the twenty-nine years. The results of seasonal dynamic show that more clear increasing trend of forest NPP occurred in spring and awmnn. This study also examined the relationship between forest NPP and its driving forces including the climatic and anthropogenic factors. In spring and winter, temperature played the most pivotal role in forest NPR In autumn, precipitation acted as the most importanl factor affecting forest NPP, while solar radiation played the most important role in the summer. Evaportran- spiration had a close correlation with NPP for coniferous forest, mixed coniferous broadleaved forest, and broadleaved deciduous forest. Spatially, forest NPP in the Da Hinggan Mountains was more sensitive to climatic changes than in the other ecological functional re- gions. In addition to climalie change, the degradation and improvement of forests had important effects on forest NPP. Results in this study are helpful for understanding the regional carbon sequestration and can enrich the cases for the monitoring of vegetation during long time series.

The Challenge of Crafting Institutions for the Commons： The Case of Community Forestry Support Programs in Mexico 2003-2008

Mexico forest tenure structure is known worldwide for its progressive approach of giving local communities full property rights to set a robust support to sustainable livelihoods in forested areas. Most forest areas in Mexico are owned by local communities either through the ejido, agrarian indigenous community or groups of small owners. In the last 30 years, many forest communities explored forest production at a commercial scale, creating their own communal forestry business and concurring to national markets with their timber and non-timber products. The socio-economical impacts of this approach were tremendous, steadily improving communities living standards. This success prompted rural organizations to ask the Mexican government to launch programs to expand the ＂community forestry＂ model. With international assistance from the World Bank and other agencies, the government of Mexico launched three different programs to foster forest commons： the Forest Conservation and Management Program, the Indigenous, Communities and Biodiversity Project and the Mexican part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Performance of these programs has been assessed through the World Bank evaluation framework, but the question about their environmental impact or even about their environmental sustainability and therefore their validity as national policies has been scantily explored and practically not debated. To contribute to answering these questions, the author made an extensive analysis of their impact over forest cover during the 2003-2008 period using land cover maps and correlated them with institutional development variables, building a social organization and collective action index （SOCAI）, following Elinor Ostrom institutional analysis and development framework （lAD）.

南京仙林房地产公司：经济适用房给15000户拆迁家庭一个圆满的家

南京仙林房地产开发有限公司总经理周华山： 艺术家各企业家在本质上是一样的，要有天赋，有激情、有社会责任感。我这几年来最大的 收获就是盖了175万平方米的经济适用房，让15000多户拆迁家庭有了一个满意的新家。

Simulating deforestation of Nepal by area production model

Based on the growth rates of population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and agriculture productivity, the areas of deforestation were predicted in Jutp ani village, Chitwan district, Nepal by Area Production Model (APM). Through the APM simulation in this study, all of forestland will be transferred into agricu ltural land in 2030 at the rate of 24% per year on the current productivity. And if the productivity of subsistence food crop is assumed to increase at the rate of 1%, the productivity of market crop and export crop increase at the rate of 2% annually, deforestation rate will decrease to 17% per year, but only 124 hm2 forest land will be left till 2038. The agriculture productivity is a very impor tant factor for the deforestation, so intensification of agriculture management is more important.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Properties of a Traditional Turkey Cheese Tomas/Serto （Dorak）

Turkey is a country producing various kinds of cheese. Tomas cheese is a kind of cheese that is still traditionally produced, and it is not widely-known. In this study, the characteristic properties of Tomas cheese, a local product that is extensively consumed in the city of Tunceli and its environs, have been examined. For this purpose, samples from cheese varieties currently on sale in the cities of Tunceli and Elazl~ have been taken, and some of their physico-chemical and microbiological properties have been determined. The results of physico-chemical analysis showed that the average moisture rate of the samples was 53.24%, average ash rate 4.24%, average dry matter 46.76%, average acidity rate in terms of lactic acid 1.08%, average salt rate 2.93%, average fat rate 17.66%, average fat-free dry matter rate 25.56% and average pH value 4.67. The microbiological analysis data showed that the average values for the total aerobic mesophyll bacteria （TAMB） was 7 loglo kob/g, 2.3 logl0 kob/g for coliform, 4.6 logl0 kob/g for yeast, 5.5 logl0 kob/g for mold, 6.8 log10 kob/g for Lactococcus spp., and 6.1 log10 kob/g for Lactobacillus spp.. The results show the high variation among samples, proving that there has not been a standard production procedure. It has been established that the hygienic condition of the product changes according to the production process, and the probability for cross contamination is high. A large number of studies need to be carded out for this kind of traditional food items, due to lack of enough literature data in this paper.

Study on the relationship between Toona sinensis Roem stand productivity and site conditions in Sichuan Basin

According to the relationship between Toona sinensis Roem stand volume,productivity and forest age,site conditions,stand density and other factors,through selecting 8 representative cities or counties,using standard investigation and stem analysis method,this paper makes relatively systematic research about the Toona sinensis Roem plantation accumulation,productivity,and the relationship between them and site conditions.Through comparative analysis indicators of multiple site conditions,this paper expects to give a more comprehensive picture about the source of accumulation and productivity difference.

Atyid Shrimps Production and Biomass Turnover in Masanga Mabe Equatorial Rain-Forest Stream of Congo Basin （Kisangani, DR Congo）

Decapod crustaceans are one of the dominant faunal components of most tropical streams. However, several aspects concerning their biology and ecology are poorly known, especially in intertropical Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of the atyid shrimps in Masanga Mabe, an equatorial lowland forest stream of Kisangani region. Samplings were undertaken biweekly from September 2000 to August 2003 with Surber net in four study sites. A total of 14,878 atyid shrimps specimens were sampled, measured for carapace length, weighted and identified. Atyid production was estimated by size frequency method according to sites （1, 2 and 3）. Atyid composition showed the existence of two species： C africana （Caridina africana） Kingsley 1882 and C togoensis （Caridina togoensis） Hilgendorf 1893. Specific production ranged from 1.35 g·DM·m^-2-year^-1 （grams dry mass per square meter per year） to 8.4 g·DM·m^-2-year^-1 for C. africana and 0.95 g·DM·m^-2-year^-1 to 4.55 g·DM·m^-2-year^-1 for C togoensis. Mean annual P/B ratios varied from 3.89 year1 to 4.37 year1 for C africana and from 3.83 year^-1 to 3.98 year^-1 for C togoensis.

Quantitative Assessment of Impacts of Climate and Economic-technical Factors on Grain Yield in Jilin Province from 1980 to 2008

Climate change is one of the most important challenges threatening agricultural grain yield and food security. Determining the factors influencing grain yield in Jilin Province and the weights of their contribution are a very important task, because Jilin Province is an important agriculture base in China. In this study, the accumulation factor sequence evaluating data method was used to analyze the climate and economic-technical factor contribution weights to grain yield and grain yield changes in each city of Jilin Province. Climate yield was also estimated to study the climate effect on the grain yield, and it was calculated in two ways： an improved algorithm and a traditional quadratic method. The results show that the climate and economicechnical factors have different contribution weights to grain yield in different cities in Jilin Province. The contribution weight of the climate factor to grain yield was 0.212-0.349, while that the economic-technical factor was 0.651-0.788. Furthermore, the changes of the climate factor contributing to grain yield changes accounted for 0.296-0.546, and the changes of the economic-technical factor accounted for 0.454-0.704. The weights of climate and economic-technical factor contributing to grain yield are very different between the eastern and western cities in Jilin Province, but their weights contributing to the grain yield change are similar in these cities. In general, the amount of fertilizer used per hectare （FUPH） is the main factor affecting grain yields and yield changes from 1980 to 2008. It is noted that when the FUPH growth rate stabilized after 1995, the effects of the climate factor on the grain yield become more obvious than before. The improved algorithm is effective for esti- mating climate yield in Jilin Province, and the climate yields were mostly between -500 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha, and showed a slightly rising trend in most cities.

Winning The Wanda Way

Tycoon Wang Jianlin shares the secrets of his success in his best-selling biography One of Asia’s richest people,Wang Jianlin,who made a fortune with his giant real estate firm,Dalian Wanda,is now on a course to change the world of entertainment and sports.

Biomass and Energy of Casuarina equisetiofolia Plantations in Southeast Coast of China

The biomass and energy production of Casuarina equisetifolia plantations aged 14 were studied in Huian County, Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The standing crop biomass was 152.60 t/ha, in which the biomass of bole was 67.02 t/ha, accounting for 43.94 % of the total, while that of root was 36.83 t/ha and 24.14 %, respectively. Net primary productivity was 10.17t/(ha.a).The range of gross caloric of components was 19.29～20.23 kJ/g, with the average 19.70 kJ/g. The standing crop energy was 2 987×10^6 kJ/ha. Net energy production was 196.8×10^6 kJ/ha, while solar energy conversion efficiency was 0.90%.