基于多重分形的城市地价场构建方法研究

研究目的:基于常规插值方法不可避免造成对数据的平滑,未能客观反映局部地价奇异信息的现状,探索运用多重分形模型构建城市地价标量场,为研究地价空间分布规律提供新的方法借鉴。研究方法:多重分形插值模型。研究结果:(1)城市地价数据主体部分服从近似对数正态分布,两端数据显著偏离对数正态分布,这是有效应用多重分形方法构建城市地价场的前提;(2)插值结果不仅有效地表达了研究区住宅地价空间分布,而且能够很好地度量地价的奇异性分布特征。研究结论:多重分形插值模型弥补了滑动平均方法构建城市地价场的不足,能有效突出地价局部奇异信息,可为社会经济领域类似数据空间场构建提供参考。

空间插值法在地价梯度场分析中的应用——以北京市住宅用地为例

本文对地理信息系统常用的4种空间差值法的优缺点进行讨论。最后选择克里金插值法作为北京市住宅地价梯度场研究的主要方法。结果表明：北京市住宅用地梯度场主要是在城市主、副中心产生的点效应，以及主要交通干线产生的廊道效应…在距离衰减律作用下形成的。在市中心和环线作用下，各个地价梯度等级自内向外呈梯度递减变化。在各个副中心和放射性交通廊道效应的作用下，不同地价梯度等级的形状被拉伸、变形和分割。由于北四环内外的几个副中心的吸引和极化作用，形成2000年北京市整体住宅地价梯度场北高南低的不均衡结构。

福州城区基于GIS地价梯度场

以福州城区为例,主要研究城市地价的空间分布特征及其变化规律,揭示城市地价空间结构及其形成机制,为确定城市功能分区、优化城市用地结构和宏观调控城市土地市场提供依据.通过采用GIS空间分析的方法对福州市地价空间结构及其成因进行分析,结果表明:地价的分布在空间上既有连续性,也存在变异性,不同用途地价的空间分布也不尽相同,并提出了地价梯度场的概念,作为表征地价空间变化的一项指标,存在着明显的空间差异.对商业用地市场交易样点进行选择,在MapInfo和Arcview地理信息系统的支持下,采用IDW和Kriging两种插值效果的对比,同时提取地价分布信息,生成商业地价等值线,结果显示:福州市商业地价空间分布形态从中心城区向外呈辐聚状,辐聚中心在东街口附近;地价等值线在1200元/m^2以上,围绕中心有规则地扩展成同心圆结构,1200元/m^2以下,产生次级地价中心;商业中心与地价中心的分布有较强的一致性.

城市地价空间分布的流场理论研究

本文以系统论、信息论为基础,对城市地价空间分析规律进行了理论研究,提出了城市地价空间分布的流场理论,并从地价场、地价梯度、地价势能、地价信息熵等四个方面对该理论进行了阐释。同时,认为该理论的提出为地价系统的定量研究开辟了一条道路,可作为城市土地定级估价的指导工具,可以促进地价杠杆在城市土地资源节约集约利用中调控功能的发挥,也是确定城市合理用地规模的理论依据之一。

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Family Farms from the Perspective of Land Transfer——Taking Rudong County as an Example

With the reform of agriculture, family farms have become hot spots in the reform of agricultural management system. Taking Rudong County of Jiangsu Province for an example, the land transfer performance of family farms was evalu- ated using the first hand data from field investigation by building an index system for comprehensive performance evaluation of family farm land transfer covering three dimensions of economy, society and ecology. The results show that land transfer in family farm mode has realized the scale management of land, enhanced the agri- cultural level of science and technology, effectively promoted the structural adjust- ment of agriculture and income increase of farmers, advanced the development of eco-agriculture, and achieved good economic and social performances. However, in the development process of family farms, inputs of agro-chemicals, fertilizers and other agro-products have brought about the eco-environmental problems, which are still worth noting.

Hedonic price analysis of urban housing:An empirical research on Hangzhou,China

The hedonic price model is widely applied to study the urban housing market because of the heterogeneity of housing products. Literature indicated that the hedonic price theory mainly includes two parts: Lancaster’s partiality theory and Rosen’s characteristic market equilibrium analysis. This paper chose 18 characteristics as independent variables and set up a linear hedonic price model for Hangzhou City. The model was tested with 2473 housing samples and field survey data of 290 housing commu-nities. This research found that 14 out of 18 characteristics had significant influence on housing price. They were classified into 5 groups according to their impact degree.

Study on the roles and acting mechanism of the real estate brokerage in China second-hand housing market

As China housing reform deepens, the second-hand housing transactions become more and more popular and real estate brokerages, as an intermediary of the transactions, become an undeniable important part of this market. This article mainly explores the roles and the acting mechanism of real estate brokerages in the second-hand housing market. The results show that the participation of real estate brokers in the second-hand housing market may have positive and negative influences. On one side, brokers ease the housing transaction process and benefits buyers and sellers by shortening the sale time on the market. On the other side, if brokers are the only participants in the housing transaction, acting as buyer and seller like some firms do, housing prices will increase and this negative effect will become even stronger as the participation of many more brokers increases. Therefore, the regulation and management of the industry is vital for the long and healthy development of the housing market in China.

Prices of Apartments in Relation to Noise Level in Poland

Acoustic climate of a given area ought to be a factor of considerable significance in investment processes in an urbanized area, especially in a residential real estate market, due to its extensive influence on the living standards of its inhabitants. In the following article, the authors have given an analysis of the residential market of housing units located in areas of acceptable and excessive noise levels in preselected regions of Poland. With this end in view, an entirely new source of information has been used in the research--an acoustic map which has been defined and applied to produce the outcome of the analysis. It allowed for the recognition of whether or not the noise level influences decisions made by investors existing in a local residential real estate market.

The Impact of Land Reform on Land Market Activity in Rwanda and Suggestions in Support of Sustainable Urban Development

After a trial period between 2008 and 2010, the LTRP （Land Tenure Regularization Program） was implemented in Rwanda. The program is the consequent implementation of the National Land Policy （2004）, which initiated the reform of the administration of land. With the LTRP, titles to land were registered in the name of every landholder to unlock the potentialities for sustainable growth based on a clear framework, equally valid to all landholders. This paper describes the changes in land and property market activity after the reforms and comments on increasing development pressure on land which can be observed. It recalls that this new market activity is intended and policy-made as a result of the Land Policy with the land tenure regularization and changed land tenure principles, the EDPRS2 which clearly focuses on enabling the private sector to participate in and drive economic development, and the new urbanization agenda coming with the Vision 2020 and the EDPRS2. Identified factors are also discussed which contribute to the new market values of land and a case study in Kigali is referenced which identified accessibility to an area as the most influencing factor, besides access to services and levels of investment on the land. The importance is now, to keep ensuring and enhancing the positive impact of the policy directions in a sustainable manner for their maximum positive impact on socio-economic progress. Provided are recommendations of how to strategically guide public policies and investment in support of sustainable land market activity and using geospatial technologies. The supportive application of technologies is explored.

Fair Valuation Issues and the Subprime Mortgage Debacle： Could Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Underlying the Historical Cost Method Have Prevented the Crisis？

There are three primary methodologies employed to determine real estate value in the appraisal industry： the cost approach, the sales approach and the income approach. The definition of market value is defined as： ＂a type of value, stated as an opinion that includes a set of assumptions concerning the market＂. Unfortunately, untrained and unlicensed appraisers provided opinions using primarily the sales approach or market data approach and virtually ignored the other two methodologies. The ensuing game of ＂Can You Top This＂ resulted in creating an out-of-control real estate market driven by unregulated fiduciaries as appraisers.

The Hedonic Modelling of Rental Values of Properties in Nasarawa, Nigeria

The purpose of this study is to explore the need to adopt the CAMA （computer assisted mass appraisal） based system into the Nigerian property market with an example data from Nasarawa in Nasarawa State. Using the hedonic regression models on 312 samples, the results reveal the linear form to outperform the semi-log specification. This demonstration shows that CAMA system can be introduced into the local market of Nasarawa and indeed the whole of Nigeria for property taxes.

Safety assessment of waste rock dump built on existing tailings ponds

The construction of waste rock dumps on existing tailing ponds has been put into practice in China to save precious land resources. This work focuses on the safety assessment of the Daheishan molybdenum mine waste rock dump under construction on two adjoining tailings ponds. The consolidation of the tailings foundation and the filling quality of the waste rock are investigated by the transient electromagnetic method through detecting water-rich areas and loose packing areas, from which, the depth of phreatic line is also estimated. With such information and the material parameters, the numerical method based on shear strength reduction is applied to analyzing the overall stability of the waste rock dump and the tailings ponds over a number of typical cross sections under both current and designed conditions, where the complex geological profiles exposed by site investigation are considered. Through numerical experiments, the influence of soft lenses in the tailings and possible loose packing areas in the waste rock is examined. Although large displacements may develop due to the soft tailings foundation, the results show that the waste rock dump satisfies the safety requirements under both present and designed conditions.

Ranking Landfill Sites in Najaf Governorate, Iraq Using AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods

In Najaf Govemorate, Iraq, there are five landfill sites. This study aims to rank these sites based on their criteria which are site capacity, land elevation and land price. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） method was used to weight the criteria and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution. Fuzzy TOPSIS （technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution） method was used to rank these sites from best to worst. Based on AHP method, the site capacity criterion was the most important than land price and land elevation.

Mass Valuation and the Implementation Necessity of GIS （Geographic Information System） in Albania

In the last decade, mass valuation system is applied in Albania in addition to individual valuation system for real estate valuation. This system is used for compiling the land value map and apartments value map. Due to the lack of experience in the compilation of these maps, the methodology of valuation is based on the experiences of other countries with similar development of real estate market. The mass assessment, which is applied in determining the values for specific purposes, such as expropriation, compensation and taxes for property transfer through the methodology adopted for this aim, is analyzed in the light of the finding of issues that accompany this application. The aim of this research is to highlight the problems to provide the ways of overcoming them in order to approximate the values of map values with market values. The mass appraisal process requires effective valuation models and proper management of resources. Its accuracy depends upon the extent and quality of property data available. Because of this reason, it is recommended the usage of the GIS （geographic information system）, an automated system for collection and processing of the data necessary for valuation, as the first point of integration between two process of valuation, individual and mass valuation.

The new economy of nature:can carbon pay for nature conservation? The case of the Hong Kong Country Parks

The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon from the atmosphere,which has a market value.The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of that carbon,to assess whether that value would be sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the Country Parks,and to compare that value to the costs of alternative ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.To do this,we compare the land cover of 1978,1991,1997 and 2004 using remote sensing,and identify the three predominant land covers(woodlands,scrublands,grasslands) .We then estimate the amount and value of the carbon sequestered by the vegetation and soil of the Country Parks,and compare it to the budget available to the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department to run the Country Parks(HK$234 million in 2009/2010) .We extrapolate our results over 50 years,from 1978 to 2028.We conclude that by 2028 the carbon sequestered would be valued over HK$800 million,but the value of the additional carbon subtracted yearly would only cover approximately 7%of the total budget needed to run the Country Parks.We also conclude that because of the large budget allocated to the Country Parks,alternative methods of carbon sequestration-represented by the EU ETS price of carbon-are much cheaper.

HOW to Look at the ＂Migrant Worker Shortage＂ from an Economic Perspective

The ＂migrant worker shortage＂ which occurred several）pears ago and the recent ＂labor shortage＂ were both caused by an imbalance between the supply and demand of migrant workers. It is a periodical outcome of spontaneous adjustment by the migrant labor market. As rural welfare was greatly enhanced in 2009, migrant workers＇ opportunity cost of working outside their hometowns was raised. The connotation of migrant workers＇ ＂market price＂ is changing. The new generation of migrant workers, namely, those born after 1980, are becoming the mainstay of enterprises＇ employment. Being better educated, they have different lifestyles than previous generations. ＂Leisure and entertainment＂ have become part of their opportunity cost and reduced their labor supply. ＂Labor shortage＂ is an endogenous force that helps transform China＇s growth patter, upgrade the industrial structure and promote urbanization. The seasonal ＂return of migrant workers＂ and the ＂labor shortage＂ which appears around China＇s Spring Festival each year have grown into a unique b,t effective collective bargaining mechanism that helps increase migrant workers＇ wages. Facing labor shortages, governments should regulate the labor market pricing and orientate labor-intensive enterprises towards transition, continue to enhance the social security system for migrant workers and those in rural areas, and make an accurate forecast of the population trend and adjust population policies.

Intensity measures for seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation of sloping site

This work investigates the correlation between a large number of widely used ground motion intensity measures(IMs) and the corresponding liquefaction potential of a soil deposit during earthquake loading. In order to accomplish this purpose the seismic responses of 32 sloping liquefiable site models consisting of layered cohesionless soil were subjected to 139 earthquake ground motions. Two sets of ground motions, consisting of 80 ordinary records and 59 pulse-like near-fault records are used in the dynamic analyses. The liquefaction potential of the site is expressed in terms of the the mean pore pressure ratio, the maximum ground settlement, the maximum ground horizontal displacement and the maximum ground horizontal acceleration. For each individual accelerogram, the values of the aforementioned liquefaction potential measures are determined. Then, the correlation between the liquefaction potential measures and the IMs is evaluated. The results reveal that the velocity spectrum intensity(VSI) shows the strongest correlation with the liquefaction potential of sloping site. VSI is also proven to be a sufficient intensity measure with respect to earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance, and has a good predictability, thus making it a prime candidate for the seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation.

Evaluation on the Process and Effects of Monetary Policies to Chinese Real Estate Market

The process of China＇s monetary policy regulation on the real estate market can be roughly divided into four stages since 1998. The first and the third stages are to raise housing price, while the second and the fourth stages are to curb housing price. There are both successful experiences and failure lessons in these stages of regulation. The present monetary policy instruments should be based on quantitative instruments, while the price instruments shall serve only as a supplement. We should use comprehensive polices including land policies, fiscal policies, legal and political means to develop a variety of specific and flexible policies to prevent financial risks, so that to fully play the important role of real estate market.