轨道交通站点周边区域防汛积水分析

随着我国城市轨道交通规模的扩张以及近年来气候异常的影响,轨道交通雨水倒灌出现频率逐渐增多并呈现危害愈加严重的趋势。城市轨道交通车站出入口是轨道交通系统对外重要的物理接口,衔接出入口的周边区域积水是导致车站雨水倒灌的重要原因之一。本研究通过理论化的成因分析,提出4个影响积水量的条件因素、构建动态积水计算模型、推导出积水时长反推模型。通过应用三维激光扫描配合模型引擎计算的办法,得到站前广场最大积水能力,从而确定积水计算模型的应用区间。基于本研究体系,以北京地铁霍营站为例,验证动态积水计算模型与数字孪生模型引擎推导最大积水能力的可行性。此研究可为轨道交通防汛提供实时积水量计算方法及预测倒灌临界点的发生时间,为轨道交通防汛应急措施方案提供更精确的数据依据。

基于GNSS农田平整全局路径规划方法与试验

针对全球导航卫星系统(Global navigation satellite system,GNSS)农田平整系统缺少作业指导且效率低等问题,提出了一种基于GNSS农田平整全局路径规划方法。分析农田实际平整条件,创建适用于土地平整的农田地形环境模型,生成农田地势信息图,研究整块农田地势高程分布特征,以平地作业中空载、满载的无效作业状态最少,转向操作与重复行走最少为条件,生成遍历整个农田的土地平整路径,并通过拉力传感器实时监测铲车载荷。仿真试验结果表明,相对于常规平整方法,所提方法空载、满载率显著减小,达到目标平整度时间节省50%以上。该方法可以规划有效路径,减少无效作业时间,平地效率提高30%以上。

基于改进布料模拟滤波算法的施工场地倾斜摄影点云地面提取

施工场地倾斜摄影点云中包含大量非地面点,需采取合适的算法对点云进行分类滤波。现有滤波算法大多是针对激光点云设计的,普遍具有参数设置复杂、地形自适应性差等缺陷。本文以布料模拟滤波算法为基础,提出了一种结合目标检测和地势分析的倾斜摄影点云改进布料模拟滤波算法,实现了复杂场景下倾斜摄影点云的自动滤波和地面提取,并以深圳市某施工场地为例展开试验。结果表明,本文算法的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类误差和总误差较常规算法显著降低,分别为1.11%、6.36%和2.39%,且Kappa系数达93.45%,有效提高了施工场地倾斜摄影点云地面提取的精度和稳定性。

Analysis on Ecological Risk in Northwest China

Based on scenario analysis method, assuming different economic develop- ment policies, and AHP method, the ecological indicators and risk prediction models were established. The trends of ecological risk in the northwest region were ana- lyzed. The results showed that： in the northwest, the potential ecological risks of the population economy, water resources, and land resources and natural disasters still existed. However, the environment and respond to ecological risks were decreasing. Therefore, a regional balanced development measures had been taken to curb the western trend of ecological deterioration. So that socio-economic development, re- sources, environment, and economy were expected to a virtuous cycle, and the eco- logical risks would be reduced. This study provides the basis for land and water use planning and environmental protection of government decision-making and management.

Vegetation Development and Water Level Changes in Shenjiadian Peatland in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

This paper documents a 7800-year proxy record from the Shenjiadian peatland on the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China.High-resolution plant macrofossil and colorimetric humification methods were used to reconstruct the vegetation and hydrologic history from a 193 cm-long sedimentary profile.Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) was applied to transform the raw plant macrofossil data into latent indices of peatland water level.The vegetation community transited from an Equisetum fluviatile community to a Carex lasiocarpa community at approximately 3800 cal yr BP and was followed by a Carex-shrub community at approximately 480 cal yr BP.Based on the plant macrofossil DCA axis 1 scores and humification values,we distinguished four hydrologic periods:a wet period from 7800 cal yr BP to 4500 cal yr BP,dry periods up to 1600 cal yr BP,drier periods until 300 cal yr BP,and the driest period from 300 cal yr BP until the present.Through a comparison with other climate records,we suggest that the East Asian summer monsoon(EAM) was the main driving force for vegetation and water level changes to the Shenjiadian peatland through its impacts on precipitation.

Vertical patterns in plant diversity and their relations with environmental factors on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(middle section)in Xinjiang(China)

The investigation of distribution patterns of species diversity is significant for successful biodiversity conservation. The spatial patterns of vegetation and different life-forms species diversity along an elevation gradient in the middle section of the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China were explored, using the detrended canonical correspondence analysis （DCCA） and the generalized additive model （GAM） methods based on a field survey of 53 sampling plots. In this work 158 species of seed plants were recorded, including 141 herbaceous, 14 shrub, and 2 tree species, in which the woody plants are very limited. 53 sampling plots were classified into 9 major plant communities. The results indicate that the herb communities were the most sensitive to changes in elevation gradient. The diversity indices of the community as a whole presented bimodal patterns. The peak values for the species diversities were found in the transition region between mountain steppe desert and mountain desert steppe （2,200-2,300m）, and in the alpine grassland region （2,900-3,100m）, while maximum species diversities were in the areas of intermediate environmental gradient. The main environmental factors on the distribution patterns in plant diversity were the elevation, soft water, total nitroeen, available nitrogen, organic matter, and total salt. The response tendency of the four diversity indices for the whole community to the soil environment was the same as that of the herb layers.

Spatio-temporal Patterns of Vegetation Change in Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI）, as a key indicator of vegetation growth, effectively provides information regarding vegetation growth status. Based on the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System（GIMMS） NDVI time series data for Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015, we analyzed the spatial pattern and changes in the vegetation growth trend. Results indicated that the three main types of vegetation in Kazakhstan are cropland, grassland and shrubland, and these are distributed from north to south. While the regional distribution pattern is obvious, the vegetation index decreased from north to south. The average NDVI values of the three main vegetation types are in the order of cropland grassland shrubland. During the period from 1982 to 2015, the NDVI initially increased（1982–1992）, then decreased（1993–2007）, and then increased again（2008–2015）. The areas where NDVI decreased significantly accounted for 24.0% of the total land area. These areas with vegetation degradation are mainly distributed in the northwest junction between cropland and grassland, and in the cropland along the southern border. The proportions of total grassland, cropland and shrubland areas that were degraded are 23.5%, 48.4% and 13.7%, respectively. Areas with improved vegetation, accounting for 11.8% of the total land area, were mainly distributed in the mid-east cropland area, and the junction between cropland and grassland in the mid-east region.