地区天气实况数据用于架空导线动态增容的方法

架空导线载流量与气象条件相关,实现架空导线载流量的动态评价对充分利用导线载荷能力、提高电网安全经济运行水平具有重要意义。利用部分气象要素的地区一致性特点,基于架空导线微气象数据及逐小时地区天气的实况数据,分析两者在气温和日照强度上的相关性及偏差的分布规律,提出将地区天气实况数据用于地区电网架空导线动态增容的方法。算例结果表明,所提方法可得到偏保守的载流量分布及分位数,在一定程度上改善了传统静态热定值的保守性。

台风对近期海南地区天气的影响

海南省气象台预计,受南海热带低压影响,21日至23日该省将有一次明显的风雨天气过程。为了进一步认识此次复杂天气过程发生的原因,分析了数值预报产品在天气过程中的变化,使数值预报产品在此次天气过程预报中得到进一步的释用,以为今后类似天气过程预报起到一定的借鉴作用。

副热带高压与桂平地区的天气

主要讨论副热带高压中的西太平洋高压对桂平地区天气的影响以及对副高的预报。旨在给本地区的预报员在气象预报工作中提供理论参考。

关于夏季大西洋欧洲地区的23天周期振动

利用11年夏季三个月500hPa资料,对20°N以北中高纬度带内的纬向环流和天气系统进行功率谱分析,着重研究了23天左右周期振动的盛行地区。结果指出,唯有大西洋欧洲这块非季风地K盛行这种周期 而后,利用1980年七层资料,用天气学方法和能量学诊断研究了这个地区23天振动的性质及其维持机制。这种振动常出现在整个对流层里。根据不同参数位相综合图,可以统一为一套典型的、具有连续性的天气形势序列。在这个地区上游有冰岛低压,它是斜压性强又能使位能释放的振动系统,下游有阻塞高压,是近于正压的并靠输入动能来维持的系统。上述的形势演变有时能主要是受这两个振动系统所影响。最后,对于23天振动为什么盛行于大西洋欧洲地区的问题作了讨论。

Analysis of climatic features and major meteorological disasters over the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River Basin in 2021

Based on daily observation data in the Three Gorges Region(TGR)of the Yangtze River Basin and global reanalysis data,the authors analyzed the climate characteristics and associated temporal variations in the main meteorological factors in 2021,as well as the year’s climatic events and meteorological disasters.The 2021 average temperature was 0.2℃above the 1991-2020 average and the 13 th-warmest year since 1961.Seasonally,winter and autumn were both warmer than usual.The annual mean precipitation was 12.8%above normal,and most regions experienced abundant rainfall throughout the year.The seasonal variation in precipitation was significant and the TGR had a wetter-than-normal spring and summer.The number of rainstorm days was higher than normal;the wind speed was above normal;and the relative humidity was higher than normal.In terms of rain acidity,2021 was tied with 2020 as the lowest since 1999.From mid-September to early October 2021,the TGR experienced exceptional high-temperature weather,which was driven by abnormal activity of mid-and high-latitude atmospheric circulation over the Eurasian continent and the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH).In addition,a strong blocking high over the Ural Mountains accompanied by intense mid-latitude westerly winds prevented cyclonic disturbances from extending to the subtropical region.As a result,under the combined effect of the weaker-than-normal cold-air activities and the anomalous WPSH,the TGR experienced extreme high-temperature weather during early autumn 2021.

Climate observation of the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River in 2019

This report provides a broad overview of the climate and the major weather and climate events over the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River(TGR)in 2019.The year 2019,a 0.3℃ warmer year than normal,had a colder winter and warmer spring,summer,and autumn.Annual precipitation in 2019 was 13%less than normal.Below average normal rainfall amounts were received in all four seasons,with 28%and 16%less-than-normal in winter and summer,respectively.The annual mean wind speed in the TGR was higher than normal,and relative humidity was near normal for all four seasons.The intensity of acid rain in 2019 was the weakest since 1999.The major climate events and meteorological disasters in the TGR in 2019 included heat waves,drought,and rainstorms.Heat waves occurred frequently and persisted for long durations.Summer and autumn drought occurred in central and eastern regions of the TGR.The autumn rains of West China occurred earlier this year,which brought much more rainfall than normal in central and western regions of the TGR.

State of the climate in the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River basin in 2020

In 2020,the average air temperature in the Three Gorges Region(TGR)of the Yangtze River basin was 17.2℃,which was close to normal,there were exceptionally fewer days than normal with high temperatures,and the high-temperature events mainly occurred in August.Meanwhile,the average precipitation was 1530.8 mm,which was a remarkable 29%more than usual,and the second-highest since 1961.The precipitation was obviously above-normal in summer,and the precipitation in both June and July was the second-highest of the same period in history.The average number of rainstorm days was higher than normal,and the second-highest since 1961.The average wind speed in the TGR was apparently higher than normal;the average relative humidity was slightly higher than normal;and there were no instances of acid rain,with the rain acidity showing a significant weakening trend over the previous 15 years.In the summer of 2020,the TGR experienced heavy rainstorms and flood disasters.Analysis shows that the frequent southward movement of cold air and abundant warm water vapor from the southwest were the direct causes of the abnormally high precipitation in the TGR from June to July.After the spring of 2020,the continuously high sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean led to a continuously strong western Pacific subtropical high and its average location being situated more to the south than normal,which might have been an important cause for the abnormal climate conditions in the Yangtze River basin from June to July.

Correlation of Dust Storms in China with Chlorophyll a Concentration in the Yellow Sea between 1997-2007

Based on daily observation data at 222 meteorological stations in China,the characteristics of dust storms between 1997 and 2007 were examined.Next,the relationship between dust events and chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration in the Yellow Sea was investigated.There were six regions with high annual frequencies of dust storms.The seasonal distribution of dust storms showed spatiotemporal variation.The six regions with highest annual frequencies also exhibited high frequencies of dust storms in spring.Dust storms in most regions occurred in spring.Of all dust storms in China,sixty-five percent of all dust storms occurred during the spring.The area and frequency of dust storms were smaller in fall and winter than in spring and summer.A significant correlation was found between dust events and Chl a concentration in the Yellow Sea.High correlation regions included Qinghai-Xizang region,part of the Hexi Corridor,the western Inner Mongolia and Hetao Regions,and the Hunshandake Desert.The high correlation may be induced by the high ratio of dust storms in the abovementioned regions that arrive over the Yellow Sea,as inferred through a forward trajectory analysis;especially notable is dust transported at a lower altitude (< 3 km).

Accumulation of coal-bed gas in the Wangying-Liujia area of the Fuxin basin

The gas enrichment conditions in the Fuxin basin are compared to those of the Powder River basin.The coal bed depth,the gas content,the individual coal bed layer thickness,and the overall structure thickness of the Powder River basin in the U.S.were examined.The main factors affecting gas enrichment were examined.These factors include the coal-forming environment,the gas sources,the geological structure,the presence of magmatic activity,and the local hydrology.The coal-bed gas enrichment area in the Wangying-Liujia block of the Fuxin basin is then discussed by analogy.A hydrodynamic-force/dike-plugging model based on a magma fractured bed is proposed to explain the gas enrichment in this part of the Fuxin basin.High gas production is predicted in areas having similar conditions.This work will aid future coal-bed gas exploration and development.

A Study on Snowstorm Weather in Coastal Area of Western Antarctic

In this paper, based on the observational data of 1995 in the Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station the snowstorm is studied synoptically. It is found that there are two kinds of snowstorms with different physical characteristics and that the happening of snowstorm is always accompanied by a near-ground level inversion layer. The function of the inversion layer is analyzed, too. It is indicated that the strong ESE-wind type snowstorm is mainly caused by katabatic wind and gradient wind together. This idea is new and different from the general concept that there is no katabatic wind in the western Antarctic area.

Role of Livestock Sector in the Socio-Economic Uplift of the Rural Pakistan

Livestock sector occupies a very crucial position in the economy of Pakistan. The sector is equally important in irrigation as well as in arid/rain fed areas. Based on the valid reasons and available data, some scientists believe that livestock can strengthen and boost-up the economy of the rain fed/arid lands like Pothowar plateau where other enterprises like crops do not flourish and witness success due to drought and uncertain weather conditions. In this article, an attempt has been made to establish the role of livestock rearing in both the high and low potential areas. Their role in the overall economy of the country has been highlighted. Also many constraints in livestock business have been identified. The livestock sector in Pakistan has tremendous potential for growth. Therefore, a workable strategy for the promotion of the livestock has been outlined to uplift the rural economy and improve the socio-economic conditions of the rural dweller of the country.

Accommodation Vessels

This technical paper considers the vessels used today in the sea and marine industries to provide somewhere to stay for people in semi-permanent accommodation at sea： the floating hotels. These structures have mainly been developed to hold the activities of the offshore oil and gas industry, although in coastal areas they are widely used for several purposes, mainly as commercial hotels, but with a quite different philosophy of use. The purpose of this paper is to show how the term flotel is used to denominate very different craft that, while serving the same purpose, have a totally different configuration according to the place where they are located： in protected waters in coastal areas, in benign and shallow waters of the open ocean or in the harsh environments of deep waters, etc..

Useful Precursor Weather Conditions for Hail-Event Forecasting in the Beijing-Tianjin Region

Hail is one of the important weather disasters that affects the Beijing-Tianjin(BT) region.To better understand and to improve the forecasting of hail events over the BT region,the precursor weather conditions for hail based on 30 previous hail events were derived.It was found that the high-level trough and low-level cold front over the Mongolian region,the accumulated convective available potential energy,the decrease of the height of the 0℃-isotherm in the morning,and the persistence and intensification of these factors from morning to afternoon are valuable clues for forecasting the occurrence of hail events over the BT region.

INTERANNUAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF EAST HEMISPHERIC CROSS-EQUATORIAL FLOW AND ITS CONCURRENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN CHINA

The NCEP/NCAR global reanalysis data were used to analyze the interannual variation characteristics of the cross-equatorial flow (CEF) and its concurrent relationships with temperature and rainfall in China. The results indicated that CEF changes more in summer than in winter. As the main flow channel in summer, the Somali CEF changes in a way that does not markedly influence the changes in the CEF total except for winter. The summer CEF total has two sudden increases and one sudden decrease during the last century while the winter total has just one decrease. Long-period data show that the correlation between CEF and summer rainfall in China is not very significant, but is different before and after the 1970s, which is due to CEF's close links with the East Asia summer monsoon. Winter CEF's correlation with concurrent winter temperature in northern and southern China varies with the relationship between CEF and sea-level pressure in different areas.

Environmental Degradation Resulting from Oil Exploitation, and Population Displacement in the NigerDelta, Nigeria

Oil and gas exploration in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria began some fifty four （54） years ago. Since the early sixties till now, oil from this region of the Nigeria has been the major foreign exchange earner for the sustenance of the economy. Unfortunate to note is the fact that since oil exploration and exploitation began in the country in the Niger Delta, the region had not been at peace. The region had suffered all forms of environmental degradation resulting from crude oil spillage and gas flares. The peoples＇ source of livelihood has been destabilized thereby leading to high rate of poverty, social crises/conflict and involuntary migration of people for both security and succour. The people of the region are thus in severe pains and risk of extermination should the present trend of environmental degradation and negligence persist. Thus, this paper addresses the plight of the Niger Delta as a case study of the effect of environmental degradation on human vulnerability. It is believed that continuous existence of the Niger Delta people as a social sect is dependent on how prompt efforts are made to combat the environment nuisance in the region.

Potential of Cooperation on Oil & Gas Market in Northeast Asia

There is a great potential of both supply and consumption in oil ＆ gas market in Northeast Asia, and the prospects of further cooperation is very broad. Sino-Russia cooperation on oil ＆ gas will lay a crucial foundation for building a regional oil ＆ gas market, and an increasingly opened trading system for oil ＆ gas will also meet Japan and South Korea＇s need in building a diversified and stable assurance system of oil ＆ gas supply. The strategic role played by Kozmino Port in Far East Russia and Shanghai oil and gas trading platform in China will be highlighted. Competition and cooperation through market mechanism will help to activate the interactions of resource flow and capital flow in Northeast Asia region, thus can also help energy consuming countries in the region to promote their disclosure power in global pricing system and gradually eliminate the Asian Premium.

Features of gas geology and its main controlling factors in Pingxiang Mining Area, Jiangxi Province

Pingxiang Mining Area in Jiangxi Province is one of the major coal-producing areas and is prone to serious coal and gas outburst, therefore, it is of significance to research on gas geological features and its controlling factors. Based on the analysis of gas data collected from geological exploration and coal mining, the research reveals that the features of gas geology vary significantly between west part and east part of Pingxiang Mining Area, and it is characterized by high gas mines with se- rious coal and gas outburst in the west part and low gas mines with no coal and gas outburst in the east part. The main controlling factors to gas geology are discussed, and the great difference of gas geology between west part and east part is the result of comprehensive effect by geological factors. Concerning the gas generation, the coal rank in the west part is higher than that in the east part, which is favorable to generate more gas in the west part than in the east part. Concerning the gas preservation, the structures are characterized by gliding nappe in the west part and by tectonic window in the east part, the surrounding rocks are characterized by poor permeability in the west part and comparatively good permeability in the east part, and the characteristics of coal rank and coal body structure are favorable to gas preservation in the west part and favorable to gas emission in the east part.

Double Win for China and Russia in Oil & Gas Cooperation

Petroleum industry plays an important role in both the Chinese and Russian economy.Petroleum cooperation between the two countries continue to accelerate since China opening wider to the outside world, and Chinese oil companies have increased their presence in Russia. Sino–Russia joint-ventures, oil & gas trade has progressed smoothly, there is a better future for cooperation in oil & gas development in Russian Far Eastern region. Chinese and Russian companies will continue to benefit from collaboration in petroleum industry.

The Modeling of Weather Conditions and Wind Power in Cities of Western Black Sea Region by Using Linear Regression Method

In this study, weather condition data such as the monthly average temperature, relative moisture, wind speed, pressure and the calculated wind power values of Zonguldak, Sinop, Dtizce, Bartm, Kastamonu, Bolu and Karabi^k cities located in western Black Sea region were examined for 10 year period （2001-2011）. In the modeling of the weather conditions, linear regression analysis was used and the effect of temperature, relative moisture and pressure on wind speed was researched by non-linear regression method. Besides, in this study, the effect of roughness coefficient in cities of western Black Sea region was also taken into consideration and the wind power potentials in 10 m, 25 m and 50 m altitude were researched in detail with the help of WASP （Wind Atlas Analysis and Application） program. In the light of the values obtained by developed models and weather condition data, it was observed that some cities in the western Black Sea region have wind power potential with their effects on environment and energy.

Zoning of Far Eastern Seas of Russia for Integrated Nature Management

On the Pacific coast of Russia implementation of the methodology of the integrated nature management has a number of peculiarities. On the one hand, these districts are characterized by severe hydrometeorological conditions. On the other hand, Russia has no applicable legislation on coastal issues. Thus, to prepare informational, theoretical and methodical bases for organization of sustained nature management in coastal zones of the Russian Federation, we developed hierarchy structure of delimitation of coastal areas and recommendations for their development on the basis of nature resource and social-economic zoning. Zoning of the Russian Far East is suggested to include two major directions： （1） planning of sustainable development of the region and （2） solving contradictions between fisheries and productions of oil and gas in the coastal zones.