使用“地区常模表”对不同的测验分数进行比较

通过测验所直接得到的分数，叫原始分：由于各个测验的难度不同，各原始分的价值也不相同。为了使不同的测验分数可以进行比较，必须把原始分数转换成导出分数，如百分等级分或标准分：百分等级分可以十分直观、准确地表示某原始分所在的百分位置，但由于它是一个循序量数，不能进行数学运算，给进一步的分析带来了困难。通常采用标准分Z(或T)对不同的测验分数进行比较和进一步的分析：

成人创新心理素质量表的编制与应用

目的对中国成人创新心理素质量表的信度、效度进行初步检验并建立常模。方法对1300名成人进行自编的创新心理素质量表的测试。结果（1）成人创新心理素质量表包括创新意识、创新能力和竞争心3个分量表．经检验这3个分量表均具有较高的信度和效度。（2）成人创新心理素质存在明显的性别、年龄和学历差异，男性的创新能力高于女性。31～40岁年龄组成人的创新意识显著高于30岁以下组，同时其创新能力显著高于41～60岁以上组。本科以上和专科学历组在创新意识和创新能力上均显著高于中专以下组。（3）初步建立了成人创新心理素质的地区常模和性别、年龄、学历的地区常模。结论中国成人创新心理素质量表具有较好的应用价值。

Northern-Hemisphere Snow Cover Patterns and Formation Conditions in Winter 2007 and 2012

The Arctic sea ice minimum records appeared in the Septembers of 2007 and 2012, followed by high snow cover areas in the Northern Hemisphere winters. The snow cover distributions show different spatial patterns in these two years: increased snow cover in Central Asia and Central North America in 2007, while increased snow cover in East Asia and northwestern Europe in 2012. The high snow cover anomaly shifted to higher latitudes in winter of 2012 compared to 2007. It is noticed that the snow cover had positive anomaly in 2007 and 2012 with the following conditions: the negative geopotential height and the related cyclonic wind anomaly were favorable for upwelling, and, with the above conditions, the low troposphere and surface air temperature anomaly and water vapor anomaly were favorable for the formation and maintenance of snowfalls. The negative geopotential height, cyclonic wind and low air temperature conditions were satisfied in different locations in 2007 and 2012, resulting in different spatial snow cover patterns. The cross section of lower air temperature move to higher latitudes in winter of 2012 compared to 2007.

Cross-shelf carbon transport under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the East China Sea during winter

Based on Marx-Planck coupled model simulations and in situ hydrography measurements, the volume transport of ocean currents and associated carbon fluxes across the continental margin from the continental shelf to the deep ocean in the East China Sea during winter are estimated. Because cross-shelf currents in the Yellow and East China seas are much stronger in winter than in other seasons and are subducted into the subsurface Kuroshio, the cross-shelf burial of carbon takes place mainly in winter. The analyses show prominent cross-shelf transports during winter in the Yellow and East China seas, with annual mean offshore transport across a section from Taiwan to Cheju at 3.92 Sv(1 Sv=10~6 m^3 s^(-1)). Net transport across the section was0.82 Sv off the shelf, determined by the difference between Taiwan and Cheju strait transports. Net cross-shelf transports of dissolving inorganic carbon(DIC), dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and particulate organic carbon(POC) in winter were 98, 12,and 0.1 million tons, respectively. Under global greenhouse gas emission reduction(RCP4.5) and continuous increase(RCP8.5)scenarios, this cross-shelf transport has an increasing trend. The transports across the Taiwan-Cheju section in winter are predicted to increase by 0.54 and 0.65 Sv from 2006 to 2099, with rates of increase 15.3% and 19.6%, respectively. Associated with the transport increase, the cross-shelf fluxes of DIC, DOC and POC increase by as much as 15.4–25.2%. Cross-shelf carbon fluxes in the East China Sea during winter are evaluated for the first time under the global warming scenarios, showing the importance of cross-shelf transport in the carbon cycle of the China marginal seas.