北方地区景观树红瑞木扦插繁殖技术

红瑞木属伞形目山茱萸科落叶灌木,喜光,生长快,适应能力强,耐盐碱,耐干旱,耐修剪。能耐-50？C的低温,在北方地区一年四季都具备观赏效果,分别可以观花,观叶,观枝,观果。红端木的枝条鲜红,冬季落叶后枝干更红,像珊瑚一样鲜艳,是优良的北方景观树种。因此,把它作为观赏树种,用于绿化前景广阔。红瑞木采用扦插,播种,压条等方法进行繁殖。北方的苗木大都在春季种植,根据它的生长特点,在生产中多以扦插育苗为主。

基于晋祠八景考析下的清代晋祠地区景观风貌研究

晋祠八景是构成清代山西晋祠地区园林胜境的主要因素。文章分析晋祠八景缘起、得景由来,认为八景写意晋祠山水园林、晋祠地区景观风貌是以山水环境为基础。结合考古资料、图文史料与现状调研,分析考证晋祠内外八景中晋祠地区景观风貌是展现村居生活、水利生产、避暑游赏、登高望远等主题景象,意象复原晋祠外八景之望川晴晓、悬瓮晴岚及山城烟堞景,拟为深入研究晋祠造园理法奠定基础。

由内而外还是由外而内?——对城市边缘地区景观管理的反思

随着全世界城市经济的发展,以及城市区域的不断扩张,人们正逐渐将城市边缘地区的管理视为一个重要的政策问题。然而,与此同时,由于经济转型或因气候变化有关的自然灾害而从风险区中撤离,城市区域内正渐渐出现新的边界条件。本文对城市边缘地区的景观管理予以了重新思考,将城市内部的边界条件也纳入考量,并就城市边缘地区—这一21世纪城市化的新兴特征—所面临的挑战与机遇进行了审视。本文通过新西兰基督城的案例研究,提出了一种将基于价值的视角,与传统空间战略相结合的方法。采用一种更为清晰明确的、以景观为基础的城市边缘地区管理框架,需要同时发展与之配套的景观尺度合作伙伴关系,从而能够为城市边缘地带提供愿景和政策的长期连续性。

茶文化对提升茶产地景观品质的作用研究

伴随社会的进步,人类对地区景观的品质提出了更高的要求。为了提升地区景观的功能,必须在其建设过程中加入独具特色的文化元素。在茶产地景观规划过程中,茶文化作为地域文化的重要组成部分,对本地区景观品质的提升具有重要意义。本文在对茶文化内涵进行解析的基础上,进行茶文化对茶产地景观品质的影响概括论述。

第四章 世界气候和自然景观的地区差异

本章以世界气候为主要内容。共分五节。第一、二、三节分别讲解气温、气压和降水的知识。它们本身不是气候特点及分布等知识，而是气候要素介绍．既介绍一些学生日常生活中会用到的气象知识，也为讲气候做准备，第四节讲世界气候的影响因素和地区差异，教材中安排先讲影响因素。后讲地区差异，是—种从理性知识到感性知识的结构。

青海省大柴旦双口山荒漠戈壁景观区1∶5万水系沉积物测量采样方法技术研究

青海省大柴旦双口山地区属于我国干旱荒漠戈壁特殊景观区之一,具典型大陆荒漠气候特征。依托2010年"青海绿梁山—双口山矿产远景调查"项目,开展了干旱荒漠戈壁特殊景观区1∶5万区域化探最佳采样粒度、采样密度等有效性方法实验。通过野外采样、室内分析及数据处理,确定了适合此特殊景观区的1∶5万水系沉积物测量采样方法技术:采样密度为6～8点/km2,采样粒级在-20～+60目,较为经济合理,技术上可行。

北方园林景观彩叶树的配置应用

彩叶树种颜色多样化,是营造城市景观氛围的重要组成部分。此文概述了北方常见的彩叶树应用方式。

Spatial connectivity and distribution of landscape type in the natural secondary forests of eastern mountainous region,northeast China——a case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is representative in the natural secondary forested region of the eastern mountainous region, northeast China. The landscape nearest neighbor index and landscape connectivity index were calculated with ARC/INFO software for Mao'ershan region. The spatial distribution of the landscape of the region was analyzed. The results showed that the landscape connectivity index of non-woodland was significantly higher than that of woodland. The landscape connectivity index of natural forest was nearly equal to zero, which means its fragmentation degree is high. The nearest neighbor index of plantation was lower than that of natural forest and non-forestland. Among the man-made forests, the distance index of the coniferous mixed plantation is the lowest, and its pattern is nearly glomeration. The landscape pattern of natural forest presented nearly random distribution. Among non-forest land, the distance index of cut blank was the lowest, and its pattern was also nearly glomeration. Keywords Landscape type - Landscape pattern - Nearest neighbor index - Landscape connectivity index - Natural secondary forest - Northeast China CLC number S759.92 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was supported by the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B040).Biography: LI SHu-juan (1977), female. Lecture in Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Division of Farmland Use in East China at County level Based on Landscape Structure and Output Function——a Case of Pingdu City, Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to research the relationships among different e- valuation farmland units and conduct division-of farmland use in order to provide scientific references for protection and rational use of farmland at county level. [Method] Using Pingdu City as a case, the research selected land use indices such as farmland use structure, output, geographical location, eta/., and then performed a cluster analysis for farmland use division. [Result] Farmlands in Pingdu can be classified into 4 groups. In groups 1 and 2, it is necessary to strengthen farmland protection, especially for highly-quality farmlands, to guarantee the quantity and quality of local crops. In groups 1 and 3, it is necessary to improve concentration degree and use rate of construction lands and control farmland pollution possibly caused by constructions. In group 4, priority should be given to maintaining diversity of land use patterns, and avoiding aimless farming expansion. [Conclusion] During urbanization process in eastern coastal agricultural regions, it is of importance to prevent fertile farmlands being occupied by construction lands to enhance use rate of construction lands. Furthermore, agricultural non-point pollution should be detected constantly in intensively used farmlands, especially in vegetable fields. Additionally, land use diversity should be well protected by avoiding farmland expansion and im- proving farmland environment.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

美丽乡村建设背景下梧州地区传统村落景观设计研究——以道家村为例

建设美丽乡村是当前一项重要的任务,美丽乡村为美丽国家建设增添色彩。国家在发展中通过颁发法律、政策等各种措施,支持乡村建设,提高乡村整体的生活质量,创造出一个良好的环境,便于人们安居乐业。对于梧州地区而言,应发挥其独有的优势,利用当地的地势、自然景观、民俗文化、独特的美食等设计出更加符合乡村发展的方案,使人文景观与自然景观融为一体,相辅相成,提升村落的影响力,促进村落的发展。本文主要浅谈景观设计依据、遵循的原则以及结合目前村落的实际情况,规划设计村落的景观,树立新型村落的形象。

Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China——Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province

Agricultural village is an important rural type in China. The evolution process and mechanism of its cultural landscape are different from those of the industrialized village. The paper focuses this theme by a case study of Qianzhai Village of Qufu City, Shangdong Province. In the case of Qianzhai Village, the evolution of its settlement has experienced three stages: mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion and hollowing, and recentralization. The land- scape evolution of residents' houses has undergone three phases: traditional quadrangle house, one-storied house and multistoried house. The evolution of its land use has experienced three stages: circled stratification, fragment and intensive use, and concentration and extensive use. We can see that the main driving factors of cultural landscape evolu- tion of agricultural village are the changes of rural population, society, economy and culture, which are influenced by the change of urban-rural relation, the national modernization process and economic development, the reform of family planning and land system, and the changes in governmental policies. In the future, the modernization, ecological trend, and individualization for residents' houses of agricultural villages in China will develop step by step. The recentralization of settlement and the scaled, sustainable, intensive land use are likely to be the trends of agricultural villages in China.

Remote Sensing and Landscapes in Sahelian Africa

For decades, Africa has undergone many crisis, affecting economy, climate, food, politics as well as society with irreparable consequences on the environment. The protection of the latter, being one of the cornerstones of sustainable development, is only possible if it＇s based on a reliable and rigorous diagnosis and inventory. This study suggests a method to characterize natural resources, in particular agricultural ones, by showing their landscape context. In this perspective and in the absence of any pre-existing mapping, as it is often the case in Africa, this work provides a simple and reproducible approach that merely uses Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） （free） images, with the only constraint of the cross-checking of several images at different times of the plant cycle.

Landscape Dynamics and Driving Factors in Da’an County of Jilin Province in Northeast China During 1956-2000

The landscape pattern of Da’an County, Northeast China has undergone significant changes since the 1950s as a result of climatic change and human activities. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively study landscape pattern and its spatial dynamics of Da’an County at the landscape level over the nearly 50-year span. Patch dynamics were examined ac-cording to land use and land cover change processes built from a series of images, as well as topographic maps, and tem-poral patterns built from landscape pattern metrics. The transition matrix of landscape patch types and changes of various landscape metrics were applied. The results showed that, from 1956 to 2000, the landscape within the study area had un-dertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The outstanding characteristic is that sa-line-alkali land increased and grassland decreased. As some smaller patches amalgamated, the heterogeneity of patch de-creased. All those changes were the synthetic result of both climatic and anthropogenic influences, but the predominant factor was different in different parts. In the southern part of the study area, the landscape pattern changes resulted from the modification of climate obviously, while in the northern part, the landscape pattern changes were mainly caused by human activities, such as the conversion between farmland and saline-alkali land. This phenomenon showed that human activities played more important role in the north than in the south of Da’an County.

Landscape pattern and fragmentation of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China： A case study of Mao＇ershan forests in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China.. Under the support of ARC/INFO and GIS technology, the landscape shape and fragment indices of Mao'ershan experimental plantation were studied by combining the forest type map (1:10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation (1999) and soil utilized map (1:10000). The results showed that the shape index and shape fragment index of natural landscape were higher than those of artificial landscapes and landscape patch fragment index depended on the number of patches. The natural forest had complex shape, suffering little jamming, and its shape index was higher than that of artificial forest. The manual controlled landscape (e.g. nursery, cropland and cutting blank) had regular shape, and its shape index was smaller. The fragment index of patches in natural forest was higher than that of artificial forest. The soft broad-leaved had the highest fragment index of patch amount.

Study the interaction between the development of specialized Southwest National Area Rural Tourism and New Countryside Construction

Southwest minority areas has its unique culture, natural landscape resources and post-development advantages, in recent years, the local government is developing rural tourism in order to promote local new rural construction. In practice, however, the lack of coordination measures necessary between rural tourism and new rural, leading to interoperability between the two thrust did not really been achieved. On the basis of analyzing current interaction of Liangshan rural tourism development and new rural construction, it focus more on discussing the strategy of developing rural tourism in Southwest National Area and the construction of new socialist countryside.

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing(RS) and geographical informa-tion system(GIS),we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to under-standing of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989,1996 and 2005.It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion:landscape ecological connec-tivity was low;landscape structure was simplified;the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas,moreover,spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced.For this reason,this study adopted accumulative cost distance model,combined with eco-system services and spatial interactions of landscape types,analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area,and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal.We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources,to establish urban ecological corridors,and to es-tablish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape eco-logical process and pattern in the course of city expansion.The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.

Road-Spine versus Road-Tube： Roads as Space Generators

Arteries devoted to sustain streams of users, resources and debris, are a foremost factor and pre-condition of the development of urban areas and of the transformation of landscapes. Roadscapes reflect outcomes related to super urbanization tendencies. Often conceived as isolated tubes, roads cut and obscure form, structure, biotic and abiotic factors of sites, urban fabrics and spaces. A broad vision of landscape is a basis for reconceiving roads. The concept of road-spine emerges： the road is conceived as the basis of a bundle of routes, nodes, surfaces, poles and tiles, devised to frame and shape a mosaic of open spaces, crops, farms, stores, basins and service areas. The road-spine entails the idea of a permeable infrastructure devised to integrate diverse functions： from serving various forms of motion, by ordering an isotropic grid of routes, to framing a porous urbanscape; from disposing surfaces meant to preserve biocenosis and biotopes, to favoring osmosis amid land uses. It also prefigures a distribution of land uses dependent on site vocations, and a mosaic of scenarios open to encounter, evasion, rest, amusement, participation, and to spontaneous practices of space.