复杂地质条件地区新建公路路线设计的技术难题与解决方案

藏东南地区是我国西部的一个特殊区域,地理条件比较复杂并且气候条件恶劣。而交通作为促进地方经济发展的一种重要的基础设施,对于改善当地居民生活质量有直接的关系。那么在公路建设中,面对如此复杂的地理条件,为了有效避免灾害的影响,要深入思考并且攻克新建公路路线设计的技术难题。本文分析藏东南灾害频发地区新建公路路线设计中的技术难题和解决方案。需考虑线路长度、地形地质情况、施工难度与工程造价等多方面因素,并通过对比分析各方案的优势与劣势,得出安全、合理、经济的技术方案。

湖北省洪涝灾害易发地区居民重点传染病预防素养现状调查

目的了解湖北省洪涝灾害易发地区居民重点传染病预防素养水平。方法采用多阶段分层系统随机抽样的方法,对湖北省1区1县的居民进行问卷调查。结果洪涝灾害易发地区居民具备重点传染病预防素养的比例为4.1%,且在城乡、年龄和文化程度方面差异有统计学意义;具备重点传染病知识、相关健康生活行为方式、药品说明书阅读理解和相关行为操作4方面素养的比例分别为8.6%、44.8%、19.2%和9.5%;洪涝灾害易发地区居民认为有效的传染病知识传播渠道排名前3位为"电视"(76.2%)、"看病时听医生讲"(67.4%)和"亲戚朋友介绍"(55.6%)。结论洪涝灾害地区居民的传染病预防素养水平较低;应重点加强对农村地区居民、高年龄组、低文化程度群体和无灾时期的健康教育;当地的健康传播形式,应以电视传播和人际传播为主,其他形式为辅。

湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病流行因素的研究

目的 研究湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病的流行因素。 方法 选择洞庭湖区 6个县研究传染源密度、带菌情况和自然人群、病人与动物抗体水平 ,按国家有关标准进行实验室和现场工作。 结果 ( 1)传染源 :灭鼠前、后和钩体病流行后期鼠密度分别为 7 0 2 %、2 3 1%和 4 64 % ,优势鼠种为黑线姬鼠 ,灭鼠后鼠密度下降了67 0 9% ;村民家庭家畜饲养以圈养形式占 99 15 % ,喂商品混合饲料的占 72 3 3 %。 ( 2 )病原学 :对鼠、猪、犬和病人的标本进行钩体培养 ,分离出 82株钩体 ,黄疸出血群占 70 73 % ,1株国内新型菌 ,黑线姬鼠分离率高达 11 0 3 %。 ( 3 )血清学 :检测 12 63名自然人 15个群钩体抗体 ,一群以上抗体阳性率未接种钩体苗者为 5 0 88% ,接种一针四价钩体者为72 5 5 % ,人群抗体有 14群之多 ;检测 85例病人双份血清抗体 ,确诊 63例 ,符合率 74 11% ,黄疸出血群感染比例最高 ;流行季节牛、犬和出栏猪抗体分别有 14、8和 7个群 ,牛阳性率最高。 结论 流行前灭鼠效果好 ,不仅降低了鼠密度 ,还降低了带菌率 ;主要传染源是鼠和牛 ,牛作为传染源的意义大于猪和犬 ;人群接种一针四价钩体菌苗亦有效 ;病人感染黄疸出血。

国家税务总局关于四川省等遭受强烈地震灾害地区延期申报纳税的通知

5月12日，四川、重庆、甘肃、陕西、云南、青海和湖北等省市遭受强烈地震灾害，根据《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》及其实施细则等有关规定，现就上述地区纳税人、扣缴义务人延期申报纳税事宜通知如下：

镇江市物价局检查分局全体党员为龙卷风灾害地区踊缴“特殊党费”

针对强龙卷风对江苏省盐城市部分地区造成较大灾害的情况,镇江市物价局检查分局支部积极响应上级党组织的号召,主动向灾区群众伸出援助之手,以缴纳＂特殊党费＂的形式开展为灾区专项捐款活动。支部把这次为灾区献爱心活动同当前正在开展的＂两学一做＂活动紧密结合起来,把它看作是对＂两学一做＂成果的现实考验。

“西部地区公路地质灾害监测预报技术研究”项目研究大纲通过专家评审

交通部西部交通建设科技项目“西部地区公路地质灾害监测预报技术研究“的研究大纲于日前在贵阳通过专家评审．陈祖煜教授、杨世基研究员等8位专家参加了评审。

关于清代农业自然灾害的一些统计——以《清实录》记载为根据

清代的农业自然灾害,近代不少学者作过研究,主要集中在灾害的次数和局部地区灾害情况的探讨这些方面。本文打算全方位探讨清代 268年间农业自然灾害的情况,依据的资料主要是《清实录》,使用的方法主要是统计,籍以对清代的农业自然灾害有一个量化的了解。文中不妥之处,祈望方家多加指正。

地区自然灾害对不同群体收入的影响及其作用机制——基于CGSS和CSS中2006—2019年数据的研究

本研究基于CGSS与CSS中2006—2019年数据,探究了地区自然灾害对我国居民个人年收入的影响,并分析了其差异性。研究发现,首先,自然灾害的发生会减少我国居民的个人收入,且减少效果会因社会经济地位而产生差异。其中,自然灾害对低社会经济地位人群的影响更加明显,而对中高社会经济地位人群影响不大。其次,通过进一步的机制分析发现,这种影响的差异性主要是由不同社会经济地位人群的工作稳定性差异导致的,即低社会经济地位人群工作稳定性较差,容易受自然灾害影响而减少收入,中高社会经济地位人群工作稳定性较高,不容易因自然灾害减少收入。最后,通过分析省级面板数据,本文发现地区自然灾害的发生会扩大地区收入基尼系数,增加地区收入的不平等。

Landslide disaster in the loess area of China

China is the country with most widely distributed loess area in the world, and its loess area accounts of 6.63% of total nation land area. The landslide disaster occurs frequently for complex natural condition and becomes major factors hindering the social and economic development of loess regions. Through different indexes, the authors divided the landslides into 9 principal types and analyzed the distribution characteristics of loess landslide in time and space, the affecting factors and mechanism of landslides. It is pointed out that time and spatial distributions of landslides are closely correlative to topographic and geomorphic conditions, earthquake and rainfall, and the key influencing factors include topography, geomorphology, new tectonic movements, earthquake activity, surface water, ground water and human activities. The authors emphasized that the natural condition of loess areas was favorable to landslides, human activities impelled its occurrence and that controlling the loess landslide was an urgent task for sustainable development in the loess zone.

夏秋季节谨防细菌性痢疾

细菌性痢疾的定义是什么？ 细菌性痢疾（称菌痢）是夏秋季最常见的急性肠道传染病．由痢疾杆菌引起．以结肠化脓性炎症为主要病变。细菌性痢疾流行范围广．传播快，发病率高，对人类健康危害甚大．特别是洪涝灾害地区，一旦水源受污染．更容易发生和蔓延菌痢。

人心、世相、“天意”:古代晚期地中海世界社会转型的三个研究维度——兼评《古代晚期地中海地区自然灾害研究》

'古代晚期'(Late Antiquity)这一术语最先于20世纪初由维也纳著名艺术史家里格尔(Alois Riegl)在《在奥匈发现的罗马晚期的工艺美术》(Die spatromische Kunstindustrie nach den Funden inOsterreich-Ungarn)一书中所使用,随即被德国学术界所接纳('古代晚期'一词的德语名称为'Spatantike')。法国历史学家马罗(Henri-Irénée Marrou)在其著作《圣奥古斯丁与古典文化的终结》(Saint Augustin et la fin de la culture antique)中则明确提出了这一概念。①1962年,普林斯顿大学出版社出版了耶路撒冷希伯来大学的萨缪尔·萨姆博斯基(Samuel Sambursky)的《古代晚期的物理世界》②.

Analysis of Main Climatic Disasters in Rice Production in Changsha and its Strategies

According to the meteorological data from National Basic Meteorological Station in Changsha in recent 43 years and statistics of occurrence time and intensity of main meteorological disasters for rice in Changsha in recent 13 years,a comparison was conducted to the meteorological situations between the first 30 years and the last 13 years.Results indicated that the main meteorological disasters in rice production in Changsha showed an increasing occurrence tendency of high temperature damage,drought and cold-dew wind,but a decreasing occurrence tendency of low temperature,late spring cold,dry and hot wind,gale,hail,flood,cloudy and drizzly day.In the end,some corresponding strategies for preventing and reducing meteorological disasters in rice production were put forward.

Characteristics,Causes and Mitigation of Catastrophic Debris Flow Hazard on 21 July 2011 at the Longda Watershed of Songpan County,China

Debris flow is a common natural hazard in the mountain areas of Western China due to favorable natural conditions, and also exacerbated by mountainous exploitation activities. This paper concentrated on the characteristics, causes and mitigation of a catastrophic mine debris flow hazard at Longda Watershed in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, on 21 July 2011. This debris flow deposited in the front of the No.1 dam, silted the drainage channel for flood and then rushed into tailing sediment reservoir in the main channel and made the No.2 dam breached. The outburst debris flow blocked Fu River, formed dammed lake and generated outburst flood, which delivered heavy metals into the lower reaches of Fu River, polluted the drink water source of the population of over 1 million. The debris flow was characterized with a density of 1.87～2.15 t/m3 and a clay content of less than 1.63%. The peak velocity and flux at Longda Gully was over l0.0～10.9 m/s and 429.o～446.o m3/s, respectively, and the flux was about 700 m3/s in main channel, equaling to the flux of the probability of 1%. About 33o,ooorn3 solid materials was transported by debris flow and deposited in the drainage tunnel （120,000～130,000 m3）, the front of No.1 dam （100,000 m3） and the mouth of the watershed （l00,000～110,000 m3）, respectively. When the peak flux and magnitude of debris flow was more than 462 m3/s and 7,423 m3, respectively, it would block Fu River and produce a hazard chain which was composed of debris flow, dammed lake and outburst flood. Furthermore, the 21 July large-scale debris flow was triggered by rainstorm with an intensity of 21.2 mm/0.5 h and the solid materials of debris flow were provided by landslides, slope deposits, mining wastes and tailing sediments. The property losses were mainly originated from the silting of the drainage tunnel for flash flood but not for debris flow and the irrational location of tailing sediment reservoir. Therefore, the mitigation measures for mine debris flows were presented： （1） The disastrous debris flow watershed should be identified in planning period and prohibited from being taken as the site of mining factories; （2） The mining facilities are constructed at the safe areas or watersheds; （3） Scoria plots, concentrator factory and tailing sediment reservoir are constructed in safe areas where the protection measures be easily made against debris flows; （4） The appropriate system and plan of debris flow mitigation including monitoring, remote monitoring and early-warning and emergency plan is established; （5） The stability of waste dump and tailing sediment reservoir are monitored continuously to prevent mining debris flows.

Visualization and Damage Assessment for Flooded Area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self\|programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low\|cost and easy\|to\|use GIS\|Based model developed by self\|programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non\|source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed\|spread algorithm suitable for source\|flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed\|spread algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.

The monitoring technology of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its prospects

It summarized current application statuses of the monitoring technology of geological hazard in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Considering the defects of the current monitoring technology of geological hazard, the new remote and centralized monitoring system of geological hazard based on the Internet was established. It also introduced its theory, structure, application and prospect in detail. The new monitoring system can prevent the geologic disaster from happening, and control the danger of it, and improve upon the level of management, and gather head the ability of preventing disaster, and reduce the running cost of the system.

海口琼山大致坡镇谭门村居住形态调查研究

本文以海口市琼山县大致坡镇谭门村为例,通过对该村落的实地考察和调研分析,结合海南省的气候特点和自然灾害特征,浅析当地的传统居住模式,综合文明生态村和国际旅游岛新农村的规划建设需要,寻求海南省农村居民点居住模式及房屋建设发展的合理途径。

Risk assessment of maize drought disaster in southwest China using the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model

The East Asian monsoon has a tremendous impact on agricultural production in China. An assessment of the risk of drought disaster in maize-producing regions is therefore important in ensuring a reduction in such disasters and an increase in food security. A risk assessment model, EPIC（Environmental Policy Integrated Climate） model, for maize drought disasters based on the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator crop model is proposed for areas with the topographic characteristics of the mountainous karst region in southwest China. This region has one of the highest levels of environmental degradation in China. The results showed that the hazard risk level for the maize zone of southwest China is generally high. Most hazard index values were between 0.4 and 0.5,accounting for 47.32% of total study area. However,the risk level for drought loss was low. Most of the loss rate was ＆lt;0.1, accounting for 96.24% of the total study area. The three high-risk areas were mainlydistributed in the parallel ridge–valley areas in the east of Sichuan Province, the West Mountain area of Guizhou Province, and the south of Yunnan Province.These results provide a scientific basis and support for the reduction of agricultural drought disasters and an increase in food security in the southwest China maize zone.

Checking of seismic and tsunami hazard for coastal NPP of Chinese continent after Fukushima nuclear accident

A checking on seismic and tsunami hazard for coastal nuclear power plant (NPP) of Chinese continent has been made after Japanese Fukushima nuclear accident caused by earthquake tsunami. The results of the checking are introduced briefly in this paper,including the evaluations of seismic and tsunami hazard in NPP siting period,checking results on seismic and tsunami hazard. Because Chinese coastal area belongs to the continental shelf and far from the boundary of plate collision,the tsunami hazard is not significant for coastal area of Chinese continent. However,the effect from tsunami still can't be excluded absolutely since calculated result of Manila trench tsunami source although the tsunami wave is lower than water level from storm surge. The research about earthquake tsunami will continue in future. The tsunami warning system and emergency program of NPP will be established based on principle of defense in depth in China.