A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing br...A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing breeding scenario of cattle farming followed by the farmers. Five years （2008-2012） of data of 728 animals send to data management section of Animal Breeding Division under Dairy Cattle Improvement Program （DCIP） were reviewed and analyzed. Similarly, monthly data recording of 380 animals taken from May 2012 to April 2013 were used to find out information on reproductive performance. Average milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage of cattle were observed 2,841 ± 84.9 kg, 4.43% ± 0.66% and 3.33% ± 0.17%, respectively, and the effect of genotype on these traits were found significant （P 〈 0.001, P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively）. Similarly, calving interval, post-partum estrus, post-partum conception, age at maturity and age at first calving were observed 422.8 ± 7.71, 108.9 ± 6.13, 149.93 ± 27.04, 498.5 ±16.32 and 816.0 ±17.41 d, respectively. Age at maturity and age at first calving was significantly affected by genotype （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively）. In addition, average number of insemination per conception was observed 1.38 in survey household. Breeding system of cattle followed by the farmers were found satisfactory in the survey household, but needs gradual improvement. It was observed that offspring of cross between Jersey and Holstein performed better in terms of productive and reproductive performance in farmer managed condition of Nepal. Therefore, rotational crossing of Jersey and Holstein for maintaining blood level between 50% and 75% of either breed is the best choice for farmers.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield and age at first freshening of Chinese Holsteins first lactation cows in Heilongjiang under frigid-temperature ...[Objective] This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield and age at first freshening of Chinese Holsteins first lactation cows in Heilongjiang under frigid-temperature and temperature zone. [Method] Records of yield and reproduction from 8 868 Chinese Holstein first lacta- tion cows from 21 herds were utilized to evaluate genetic parameters for Hei- Iongjiangs＇ Chinese Holsteins. Restricted maximum likelihood （REML） method was used with an animal model. [Result] The heritabilities were 0.16 to 0.34 for yields and fat percentage, 0.38 for reproduction （age at the first freshening）, which were similar to estimates for temperate areas from similar methods, except for constituent percentage. Also, the estimates of genetic correlation were high between milk yield and fat yield （0.97）, but were low between milk yield and fat percentage （-0.24）, age at the first freshening （-0.29） and generally antagonistic. [Conclusion] Thus, es- timates of genetic parameters in this frigid and frigid-temperate environment did not differ appreciably from those that occur in temperate dairy areas.展开更多
The basic principle of interval arithmetic and the basic algorithm of the interval Newton methods are introduced.The prototype algorithm can not find any zero in an interval that has zero sometimes,that is,it is insta...The basic principle of interval arithmetic and the basic algorithm of the interval Newton methods are introduced.The prototype algorithm can not find any zero in an interval that has zero sometimes,that is,it is instable.So the prototype relaxation procedure is improved in this paper.Additionally,an immediate test of the existence of a solution following branch_and_bound is proposed,which avoids unwanted computations in those intervals that have no solution.The numerical results demonstrat that the improved interval Newton method is superior to prototype algorithm in terms of solution quality,stability and convergent speed.展开更多
Certified agricultural standards （CAS） of the organic food label serve to increase food safety and restore the confidence and consumption level in Taiwan. The organic CAS represents food quality without the use of s...Certified agricultural standards （CAS） of the organic food label serve to increase food safety and restore the confidence and consumption level in Taiwan. The organic CAS represents food quality without the use of synthetic chemicals to protect consumers＇ health. As a consequence, production costs and consumer prices have increased. The aim of this study is to analyze consumers＇ perception of the organic CAS label and how purchasing behavior for the product is influenced by converting the Fresh Milk Logo to the organic CAS certified label, which is based on contingent behavior analysis. This study adopts factor analysis to extract the perceptions and preferences of the respondents. In addition, the on-site Poisson model to revise the truncated and endogenous stratification and assess consumer welfare precision. The incremental consumer surplus for consumer consumed organic fresh milk is approximately NT$8,979.展开更多
There are many thrust-related structures occurring in the Paleozoic strata of the Niushou Mountain in the central part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The fault-related folds are the typical structures in this area....There are many thrust-related structures occurring in the Paleozoic strata of the Niushou Mountain in the central part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The fault-related folds are the typical structures in this area. Based on the analysis about these structures and their relationships, the processes by which these structures of the Miboshan Formation were formed are reconstructed, and the strata underwent about three stages of deformation: (1) horizontal shortening, (2) folding, and (3) thrusting. And the fact that the Niushou Mountain is the leading edge of an old thrust sheet was proved, the Niushou Mountain,the Daluo Mountain and the Xiaoluo Mountain together constitute the front part of this old thrust zone,so the Niushou Mountain and the Ordovician strata in the central and southern parts of Ningxia now are likely allochthons. In the period from middle Ordovician to Devonian, the areas of the central and southern Ningxia belonged to the back-arc foreland basin of North Qilianshan orogen, which was adjacent to the continent in the north. In the later part of the early Paleozoic period, the Niushou Mountain was formed after the closure of the back-arc foreland basin.展开更多
Afyon kaymak （milk cream） is traditional dairy product of Afyon city which is a junction of Middle Anatolia and West regions and famous with its thermal tourism and food. However, challenging production process led ...Afyon kaymak （milk cream） is traditional dairy product of Afyon city which is a junction of Middle Anatolia and West regions and famous with its thermal tourism and food. However, challenging production process led Afyon kaymak to lose its importance. Although buffalo milk is the raw material of traditional Afyon kaymak, cow milk can be used in the process. In traditional process, milk is filtered with double cheesecloth and gotten into the aluminum or tinned copper milk cream pans where the capacity is around 2.5-3.0 L. Half-filled pan is warm up to 90-95 ℃. Pans are carried to cool area and left until cooling. Milk cream on the cooled pans is lined by a pin. New milked milk is added to the lined cream in pans and heated for 1 h. It is covered and held on for 6-8 h. While holding period is until afternoon on summer time, it is until mid-afternoon in winter. Covers of the pans are opened and hold in a cool place until morning and, thus, cream is chilled. Cream layer on pans are lined and gotten out of pans. Cream as circle is divided into four pieces and left to the cream package after turning down. In this review, we aimed to give some information about Afyon kaymak and its production methods.展开更多
Michoacan brings 2.1% of national GDP, which is 12.5% to agriculture, Livestock is the fourth activity in economic importance in the State and develops in 43% of the territory （58,643 km：） using 27% of the populati...Michoacan brings 2.1% of national GDP, which is 12.5% to agriculture, Livestock is the fourth activity in economic importance in the State and develops in 43% of the territory （58,643 km：） using 27% of the population economically active. Michoacfin ranks third in national cattle inventory （1,608,523 heads） with fifth place in meat production （145,221 ton/year）. The production model is extended cow-breed, subject to season and availability of food （few rains shortage of forage during drought）, with 0.60 production of breed/cow/year, and a marked traditionalism in the form of production; also a high dependency to food based on the grazing. The inadequate national public policy expressed in the paternalism has limited the adoption of strategies to contribute to the solution of this problem. Therefore this study objective was to design and validate a strategy to increase the number of cow breeding/cow/year to season reproduction program, based on the use of synthetic progesterone ＂melengestrol acetate＂ （MGA） as a technology available, secure, easy to use, low cost and likely to be adoptable to the traditional model of production. Work was done in the dry tropics in the municipalities of Churumuco and Tzitzio, Michoacfin State, Mdxico. Used 133 bovine females with crossbreeding Bos indicus, diagnosed as not pregnant, 6.7 and 6.38 years old respectively for each municipality. Oral doses of 0.05 rag/day/cow of MGA during nine days then exposed to the presence of male. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of a single way. The results indicate that the delivery rate was 58.33% in Churumuco and 61.86% in Tzitzio. This delivery rate represents an increase of 14%-16% of born per year considering that treated females become pregnant with traditional production system management. We concluded that the MGA is an appropriate strategy to the traditional production of tropical dry in MichoacO, n system that increases the rate of births and is likely to be accepted despite the paternalistic public policy prevailing in the country.展开更多
文摘A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing breeding scenario of cattle farming followed by the farmers. Five years （2008-2012） of data of 728 animals send to data management section of Animal Breeding Division under Dairy Cattle Improvement Program （DCIP） were reviewed and analyzed. Similarly, monthly data recording of 380 animals taken from May 2012 to April 2013 were used to find out information on reproductive performance. Average milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage of cattle were observed 2,841 ± 84.9 kg, 4.43% ± 0.66% and 3.33% ± 0.17%, respectively, and the effect of genotype on these traits were found significant （P 〈 0.001, P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively）. Similarly, calving interval, post-partum estrus, post-partum conception, age at maturity and age at first calving were observed 422.8 ± 7.71, 108.9 ± 6.13, 149.93 ± 27.04, 498.5 ±16.32 and 816.0 ±17.41 d, respectively. Age at maturity and age at first calving was significantly affected by genotype （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively）. In addition, average number of insemination per conception was observed 1.38 in survey household. Breeding system of cattle followed by the farmers were found satisfactory in the survey household, but needs gradual improvement. It was observed that offspring of cross between Jersey and Holstein performed better in terms of productive and reproductive performance in farmer managed condition of Nepal. Therefore, rotational crossing of Jersey and Holstein for maintaining blood level between 50% and 75% of either breed is the best choice for farmers.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield and age at first freshening of Chinese Holsteins first lactation cows in Heilongjiang under frigid-temperature and temperature zone. [Method] Records of yield and reproduction from 8 868 Chinese Holstein first lacta- tion cows from 21 herds were utilized to evaluate genetic parameters for Hei- Iongjiangs＇ Chinese Holsteins. Restricted maximum likelihood （REML） method was used with an animal model. [Result] The heritabilities were 0.16 to 0.34 for yields and fat percentage, 0.38 for reproduction （age at the first freshening）, which were similar to estimates for temperate areas from similar methods, except for constituent percentage. Also, the estimates of genetic correlation were high between milk yield and fat yield （0.97）, but were low between milk yield and fat percentage （-0.24）, age at the first freshening （-0.29） and generally antagonistic. [Conclusion] Thus, es- timates of genetic parameters in this frigid and frigid-temperate environment did not differ appreciably from those that occur in temperate dairy areas.
文摘The basic principle of interval arithmetic and the basic algorithm of the interval Newton methods are introduced.The prototype algorithm can not find any zero in an interval that has zero sometimes,that is,it is instable.So the prototype relaxation procedure is improved in this paper.Additionally,an immediate test of the existence of a solution following branch_and_bound is proposed,which avoids unwanted computations in those intervals that have no solution.The numerical results demonstrat that the improved interval Newton method is superior to prototype algorithm in terms of solution quality,stability and convergent speed.
文摘Certified agricultural standards （CAS） of the organic food label serve to increase food safety and restore the confidence and consumption level in Taiwan. The organic CAS represents food quality without the use of synthetic chemicals to protect consumers＇ health. As a consequence, production costs and consumer prices have increased. The aim of this study is to analyze consumers＇ perception of the organic CAS label and how purchasing behavior for the product is influenced by converting the Fresh Milk Logo to the organic CAS certified label, which is based on contingent behavior analysis. This study adopts factor analysis to extract the perceptions and preferences of the respondents. In addition, the on-site Poisson model to revise the truncated and endogenous stratification and assess consumer welfare precision. The incremental consumer surplus for consumer consumed organic fresh milk is approximately NT$8,979.
基金supported by National Science Foundation(Grant No.4983402).
文摘There are many thrust-related structures occurring in the Paleozoic strata of the Niushou Mountain in the central part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The fault-related folds are the typical structures in this area. Based on the analysis about these structures and their relationships, the processes by which these structures of the Miboshan Formation were formed are reconstructed, and the strata underwent about three stages of deformation: (1) horizontal shortening, (2) folding, and (3) thrusting. And the fact that the Niushou Mountain is the leading edge of an old thrust sheet was proved, the Niushou Mountain,the Daluo Mountain and the Xiaoluo Mountain together constitute the front part of this old thrust zone,so the Niushou Mountain and the Ordovician strata in the central and southern parts of Ningxia now are likely allochthons. In the period from middle Ordovician to Devonian, the areas of the central and southern Ningxia belonged to the back-arc foreland basin of North Qilianshan orogen, which was adjacent to the continent in the north. In the later part of the early Paleozoic period, the Niushou Mountain was formed after the closure of the back-arc foreland basin.
文摘Afyon kaymak （milk cream） is traditional dairy product of Afyon city which is a junction of Middle Anatolia and West regions and famous with its thermal tourism and food. However, challenging production process led Afyon kaymak to lose its importance. Although buffalo milk is the raw material of traditional Afyon kaymak, cow milk can be used in the process. In traditional process, milk is filtered with double cheesecloth and gotten into the aluminum or tinned copper milk cream pans where the capacity is around 2.5-3.0 L. Half-filled pan is warm up to 90-95 ℃. Pans are carried to cool area and left until cooling. Milk cream on the cooled pans is lined by a pin. New milked milk is added to the lined cream in pans and heated for 1 h. It is covered and held on for 6-8 h. While holding period is until afternoon on summer time, it is until mid-afternoon in winter. Covers of the pans are opened and hold in a cool place until morning and, thus, cream is chilled. Cream layer on pans are lined and gotten out of pans. Cream as circle is divided into four pieces and left to the cream package after turning down. In this review, we aimed to give some information about Afyon kaymak and its production methods.
文摘Michoacan brings 2.1% of national GDP, which is 12.5% to agriculture, Livestock is the fourth activity in economic importance in the State and develops in 43% of the territory （58,643 km：） using 27% of the population economically active. Michoacfin ranks third in national cattle inventory （1,608,523 heads） with fifth place in meat production （145,221 ton/year）. The production model is extended cow-breed, subject to season and availability of food （few rains shortage of forage during drought）, with 0.60 production of breed/cow/year, and a marked traditionalism in the form of production; also a high dependency to food based on the grazing. The inadequate national public policy expressed in the paternalism has limited the adoption of strategies to contribute to the solution of this problem. Therefore this study objective was to design and validate a strategy to increase the number of cow breeding/cow/year to season reproduction program, based on the use of synthetic progesterone ＂melengestrol acetate＂ （MGA） as a technology available, secure, easy to use, low cost and likely to be adoptable to the traditional model of production. Work was done in the dry tropics in the municipalities of Churumuco and Tzitzio, Michoacfin State, Mdxico. Used 133 bovine females with crossbreeding Bos indicus, diagnosed as not pregnant, 6.7 and 6.38 years old respectively for each municipality. Oral doses of 0.05 rag/day/cow of MGA during nine days then exposed to the presence of male. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of a single way. The results indicate that the delivery rate was 58.33% in Churumuco and 61.86% in Tzitzio. This delivery rate represents an increase of 14%-16% of born per year considering that treated females become pregnant with traditional production system management. We concluded that the MGA is an appropriate strategy to the traditional production of tropical dry in MichoacO, n system that increases the rate of births and is likely to be accepted despite the paternalistic public policy prevailing in the country.
