浙江省生态经济地区生态环境状况评价及分类研究

在全省经济社会转型发展和生态重要性不断提升的背景下,作为兼具保护与适宜开发的特殊区域,生态经济地区相比于其他限制开发区域,其主导功能定位逐渐显现其开发和保护的两难性。文章以生态优先为原则,对生态经济地区的生态重要性、敏感性和约束性指标进行评价研究,根据评价结果对其进行分类,以此作为各地差异化开发和保护的重要依据,同时提出调整主体功能定位的建议,以期为完善主体功能区布局,更大程度地保护全省生态安全格局提供支撑。

人力资本对林业生态经济增长的影响——基于我国31个省区系统聚类分析

以林业人力资本作为切入点,运用系统聚类法,在将我国31个省市区划分为林业人力资本优质区、富集区和落后区的基础上,构建包含林业人力资本等变量在内的生产函数,运用广义最小二乘法对2002—2013年的面板数据进行模型估计,可以发现:林业人力资本对地区生态经济的发展有明显的推动作用;林业劳动工资作为一种信号工具可反映人力资本价值,由其产生的激励作用对生态经济增长有较大的贡献;林业生产格局并不适合地区林业产业的发展;林业新增固定资产仅对落后区的生态经济增长的作用显著,而林业实际资金投入对各地区的生态经济增长均有明显的影响作用。为此,我国在优质区和落后区要注重劳动力质量的提升,而在富集区要注重人力资本结构的优化;要加快林业产业结构的升级优化,以带动地区生态经济总量较快的增长;要增加实际造林面积,加快林业科技发展,以促进生态经济的持续增长。

The application of environmental economics in marine functional zoning and coastal city conceptual planning

There are a lot of functions of marine resources. The various and competing conflicts between different users and different sectors in the use of marine resources will cause the disorderly development of marine resources, and even destroy the marine ecosystem. Marine functional zoning is an effective tool to solve the conflicts. However, there are some shortcomings in the current understanding on marine functional zoning and its practice. In this paper, a case study on the resource-oriented marine functional zoning of Xiangshan Port is introduced. By the principles of resource-oriented and public participation, Xiangshan Port is divided into seven zones, and the main function of the whole port and seven zones are determined by the environmental economics analysis. A case study of Xiamen is also introduced for how to integrate marine functional zoning into a coastal city conceptual planning. Under the conservation principle, resources-oriented principle and so on, the advantages and disadvantages of natural ecosystem, social ecosystem and economic ecosystem are holistically analyzed, the urban orientation of Xiamen is determined as a regional international tourism city, and the whole city is divided into five function zones according to its leading industry -tourism. Resource-oriented marine functional zoning has a long-term guidance for sustainable use of marine resources and development strategy of a coastal city. And environmental economics analysis is an effective tool for resource-orientation.

Appraisal of the vegetation-based services for cropland ecosystems: a case study of a high-yielding county in North China

As people become increasingly aware of the irreplaceability of ecosystem services, defined as ＂the nataral environmental conditions and effects upon which peopic rely for existence that are formed and maintained by ecosystems and ecological processes＂, more emphasis is being placed on these services＇. In rectent years numerous studies have focused primarily on the sen,ices of natural ecosystems. This paper expands the scope of this field from natural ecosystems to semi-natuval ecosystems, i.e. cropland ecosystems, which are closely associated with human productivity and life. Taking Huantat County in Shandong Province as an example, the vegetation.based services of winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems and carton cropland ecosystems were systematically analyzed, including the material production, carbon dioxide fixation, oxygen release, water conservation, and nutrient recycling. These services were then evaluated in terms of economics through the applications of a market value technique, a substinaion engineering method and a shadow price method. The results indicated that the total economic value of cropland ecosystem vegetation.based services in Huantai County is 124.827.3 ×10^4 yuan. which is equivalent to 15.63% of the GDP of Hnantat County （798, 491 × 10^4 yuan）, Among these services, the gas regulation value is 82.698.3 × 10^4 yuan （66.25%）, the material production value is 38.049.4 × 10^4 yuan （30.48%）, the nutrient cycling value is 3257.3 × 10^4 ynan （2.61%）, and the water conservation value is 822.3 × 10^4 yuan （0.66%）. In addition, through the comparison between winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems and cotton cropland ecosystems, we conclude that the economic value of vegetation-based services provided by the former is much higher than that of the latter, which could provide a scientific guideline for adjusting the agricultural structure, Our study may facilitate the conservation of cropland ecosystems and promote effective use of vegetation-based services to achieve sustainable development of agriculture and guarantee nationwide food security.

Economic Value Evaluation of Wetland Service in Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing

Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.

CLOBAL CHARM OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER DELTA

Based on the theory of geo-economy,under the new situation of global economy,information network and China’s entry into WTO,also with the holding of APEC (in 2001) and the International Exposition in the near future,the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta is striding toward the spectacular international multi-polar situation and becomes one of core regions with high-speed development. Facing the ocean and world all along,leading the progressive tides of the age and scintillating the splendor of the nation,she does advance with time. Through a long period of irrigation projects construction and intensive operation of lands in previous agricultural society,the artificial wetland ecosystem with a positive cycle had ever been formed in this region. At present,environmental pollution and urban expansion resulted from post-industrialization are being rectified. The delta will be the paradigm of industrial and agricultural modernization along the sustainable development road. With the rapid development of urbanization,she has been one of the regions with the highest density population and high urbanization level. Taking the Changjiang River estuary and the Hangzhou Bay as two parts,she is continuously strengthening and adjusting her interior structure,expanding mothball space and constructing the oriental modern "logistics center" to link the whole world. The butterfly-style urban system of the Changjiang River Delta is flying,probably engendering earthshaking "butterfly effect".

Research on the Development Model of Ecological Agriculture in Loess Hilly-Gully Region of Northern Shannxi, China

On the Loess Plateau of China, facing the vulnerable environment, local people have to try their best to guarantee the security of food, and at the same time, to control the most serious soil erosion in the world. The paper introduces two typical models of ecological agriculture: ecological agriculture with commodity and agri- culture with soil and water conservation. According to the local natural condition, the model of eco-agriculture with commodity could be characterized by the structure of “agriculture-byproduct”, “agriculture-fruit” or “agri- culture-forestry-husbandry”. The development of agriculture with soil and water conservation has decreased the soil erosion rate from 12,184 ton/km2 in 1980 to 458.4 ton/km2 in 1999, while the farmers’ income has increasingly risen. Analyses on the two models’ benefits both in terms of ecological and agricultural economy show that there is a great possibility to construct or restore good eco-environment with comprehensive control in the hilly-gully area of north Shannxi. Further more, the paper points out the potential problems of foodstuff production and stockbreeding development in forming ecological agriculture and eco-environmental restoration.

Livelihood Diversification as an Adaptation Approach to Change in the Pastoral Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region

Migratory livestock raising has been one of the most important livelihood options for people residing in high mountain areas and has made a significant contribution to the economy of the Hindu Kush Himalayan(HKH) region, both in terms of supporting households and in export earnings. However, in recent decades, changes in the socioeconomic situation and increasing climate variability have led to a need to enhance adaptation by building the resilience of local socio-ecological systems, including economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources. Based on semistructured interviews with pastoral communities in six countries within the pastoral HKH region, this paper discusses the situation, trends and driving forces behind the diversification of pastoral livelihood. For internal diversification the study highlights the need for enhancement of pastoral livelihoods through value-adding activities in the pastoral sectors. For external diversification changes on policy changes are needed to support free out-migration, market exploitation, and multiple resource use. Finally the paper highlights the role of education in determining household adaptation strategies in the face of various socio-ecological pressures and recommends integrating innovative and indigenous knowledge to develop appropriate methods for risk management and resource management in the pastoral HKH region.

Superficial Discussion about the Problems in the Development of Western Region Eco-tourism and Correlation Countermeasures

The western region＇ s economy is relatively backward industrial areas to promote the economic development of the weaker. The western region has rich tourism resources, but also its ecological extremely fragile. Therefore, to promote eco-tourism to the economic development of the western region is a better choice. Author from the western region starts the problems with the development of eco-tourism, and proposes some correlation countermeasures.

Development road and Countermeasures of Agricultural Ecological tourism in underdeveloped areas

Tourism, as a new growth point of national economy, occupies an important position in the industry and has a good driving effect in our national economy, also has a certain role in social employment. With the rapid development of tourism, the contribution of tourism to promote and expand employment has become increasingly prominent. It found a good way for solving the employment problem in less developed areas. And how to use this effect tourism industry led solution to the employment problem in underdeveloped areas underdeveloped areas key to the development of tourism.

The Drive to Develop China＇s West： An Inclusive Perspective

Since the launching of the western regional development program in 1999, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policy measures related to finance, taxation, investment, banking, and other related fields. This combination of policies has stimulated socioeconomic growth and ecological improvement in China＇s western regions and has effectively curbed the runaway gap between the east and west, even causing the gap to begin shrinking gradually. However, it should be noted that the development gap between China＇s eastern and western regions remains significant, as demonstrated by the west＇s low level of industrial^commercial development, local governments＇ limited capacity to provide public services, and endemic rural poverty. Thus, achieving the targets outlined in the western regional development program remains a challenging task. In the future, China＇s western development program should emphasize a higher standard of living and coordinated, inclusive growth across regions.

Analyze the tourism development status of Liangshan Prefecture

Tourism development is in the ascendant, it has an extremely important role for stimulating local economic development in the western region. Liangshan unique ecological environment and abundant tourism resources is extremely beneficial tourism development resource conditions. This article provides an overview of the status quo of Liangshan tourism development, and analyzes the problems of capital investment, infrastructure construction, resource utilization and personnel training existing in Liangshan tourism development process, and puts forward the corresponding coping strategies and measures.

Ecological Footprint and Endogenous Economic Growth in the Poyang Lake Area in China Based on Empirical Analysis of Panel Data Model

In this paper, ecological footprint methods were used to calculate the ecological footprint of six cities （Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Xinyu, Yingtan and Fuzhou） in the Poyang Lake Area, Jiangxi, China from 1991 to 2010. Ecological footprint was the input factor for ecological resources and the contribution of this and other factors such as labor and capital to economic growth were analyzed. The results showed that, from 1991 to 2010, ecological footprints in the six cities increased year by year. The amount of land for fossil energy, under cultivation and grassland influenced total ecological footprint in each city. The contribution of ecological resources, labor factors and capital factors to economic growth showed regional differences. Nanchang, Jiujiang, Xinyu, and Yingtan are capital-orientated and capital factor had a great influence on the economic growth rates, whereas, Jingdezhen and Fuzhou were labor-orientated. The contribution of ecological resources to economic growth in the six cities was the lowest of all three factors, meaning that efficiency of ecological resource utilization is low. Total productivity plays a key role in economic development; however, the overall level of total factor productivity for the six cities was low and indicates that the technological content of Poyang Lake Area’s economic growth is low and the utilization of input factors extensive. In summary, we suggest changing the mode of economic growth and developing tertiary industry in the region.

The changes of renewable water resources in China during 1956 –2010

Water is a critical natural resource upon which all social and economic activities and ecosystem functions depend. With a surprising social and economic development in the past decades, water has become an important constraint for China's sustainable development, and a matter concerning economic security, ecological security and national security of the country. Understanding the changes of water resources is greatly helpful in analyzing the impacts of climatic change, formulating plans for utilization and protection of water resources, and making water resource decisions. Based on China's national water resources assessment, the Mann-Kendall's test, and Morlet wavelet, we analyzed the changing trends and periods of China's renewable water resources during 1956–2010. The results as following:(1) There is no significant change trend of water resources on the countrywide scale during the period 1956–2010, the total water resources show a slight increasing trend, and the national annual average water resources during the period 1991–2010 increased by 1% relative to that of the period 1961–1990.(2) The changes of water resources in different level-I water resource regions vary significantly. Annual average water resources of the Haihe River and Yellow River regions in the northern China decreased 19% and 17% respectively in the past 20 years. Water resource increased in Southern and Northwestern rivers regions, particularly in the Northwest rivers region, with the increasing amplitude by nearly 10% in the past 20 years.(3) The inter-annual variation of national water resource became larger in the past 20 years, as compared with that of the period 1961–1990. The coefficients of water resource variation increased in Northwestern and Southwestern rivers regions, while the inter-annual variation tended to decrease in the Haihe and the Yellow River regions where significant decline of water resources happened.(4) A 14-year quasi-periodicity of the national water resource variation was detected, overlapping with various periodicities of water resources of different level-I water resource regions. Remarkable uniformity exists between the first or secondary primary periodicity of water resource variation in adjacent level-I water resource regions.