人心、世相、“天意”:古代晚期地中海世界社会转型的三个研究维度——兼评《古代晚期地中海地区自然灾害研究》

'古代晚期'(Late Antiquity)这一术语最先于20世纪初由维也纳著名艺术史家里格尔(Alois Riegl)在《在奥匈发现的罗马晚期的工艺美术》(Die spatromische Kunstindustrie nach den Funden inOsterreich-Ungarn)一书中所使用,随即被德国学术界所接纳('古代晚期'一词的德语名称为'Spatantike')。法国历史学家马罗(Henri-Irénée Marrou)在其著作《圣奥古斯丁与古典文化的终结》(Saint Augustin et la fin de la culture antique)中则明确提出了这一概念。①1962年,普林斯顿大学出版社出版了耶路撒冷希伯来大学的萨缪尔·萨姆博斯基(Samuel Sambursky)的《古代晚期的物理世界》②.

地区自然灾害对不同群体收入的影响及其作用机制——基于CGSS和CSS中2006—2019年数据的研究

本研究基于CGSS与CSS中2006—2019年数据,探究了地区自然灾害对我国居民个人年收入的影响,并分析了其差异性。研究发现,首先,自然灾害的发生会减少我国居民的个人收入,且减少效果会因社会经济地位而产生差异。其中,自然灾害对低社会经济地位人群的影响更加明显,而对中高社会经济地位人群影响不大。其次,通过进一步的机制分析发现,这种影响的差异性主要是由不同社会经济地位人群的工作稳定性差异导致的,即低社会经济地位人群工作稳定性较差,容易受自然灾害影响而减少收入,中高社会经济地位人群工作稳定性较高,不容易因自然灾害减少收入。最后,通过分析省级面板数据,本文发现地区自然灾害的发生会扩大地区收入基尼系数,增加地区收入的不平等。

Characteristics,Causes and Mitigation of Catastrophic Debris Flow Hazard on 21 July 2011 at the Longda Watershed of Songpan County,China

Debris flow is a common natural hazard in the mountain areas of Western China due to favorable natural conditions, and also exacerbated by mountainous exploitation activities. This paper concentrated on the characteristics, causes and mitigation of a catastrophic mine debris flow hazard at Longda Watershed in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, on 21 July 2011. This debris flow deposited in the front of the No.1 dam, silted the drainage channel for flood and then rushed into tailing sediment reservoir in the main channel and made the No.2 dam breached. The outburst debris flow blocked Fu River, formed dammed lake and generated outburst flood, which delivered heavy metals into the lower reaches of Fu River, polluted the drink water source of the population of over 1 million. The debris flow was characterized with a density of 1.87～2.15 t/m3 and a clay content of less than 1.63%. The peak velocity and flux at Longda Gully was over l0.0～10.9 m/s and 429.o～446.o m3/s, respectively, and the flux was about 700 m3/s in main channel, equaling to the flux of the probability of 1%. About 33o,ooorn3 solid materials was transported by debris flow and deposited in the drainage tunnel （120,000～130,000 m3）, the front of No.1 dam （100,000 m3） and the mouth of the watershed （l00,000～110,000 m3）, respectively. When the peak flux and magnitude of debris flow was more than 462 m3/s and 7,423 m3, respectively, it would block Fu River and produce a hazard chain which was composed of debris flow, dammed lake and outburst flood. Furthermore, the 21 July large-scale debris flow was triggered by rainstorm with an intensity of 21.2 mm/0.5 h and the solid materials of debris flow were provided by landslides, slope deposits, mining wastes and tailing sediments. The property losses were mainly originated from the silting of the drainage tunnel for flash flood but not for debris flow and the irrational location of tailing sediment reservoir. Therefore, the mitigation measures for mine debris flows were presented： （1） The disastrous debris flow watershed should be identified in planning period and prohibited from being taken as the site of mining factories; （2） The mining facilities are constructed at the safe areas or watersheds; （3） Scoria plots, concentrator factory and tailing sediment reservoir are constructed in safe areas where the protection measures be easily made against debris flows; （4） The appropriate system and plan of debris flow mitigation including monitoring, remote monitoring and early-warning and emergency plan is established; （5） The stability of waste dump and tailing sediment reservoir are monitored continuously to prevent mining debris flows.

An Overview of the Geoenvironmental Status of the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

The north-south trending Kullu valley between Rohtang in the north and Hansu in the south is a wide and open valley filled with Quaternary sediments along the main eourse of the Beas River. The valley in the middle is drained by the Beas River and numerous tributaries join it laterally. The tributary ehannels have deposited large alluvial fans at their mouths whieh form three distinct levels. The Beas River has deposited alluvial terraees, whieh are very distinct towards the lower reaehes and form three to four levels. The upper slopes and high altitudinal areas are eovered with periglaeial and glaeial deposits. The terraee, fan and hill slopes have provided an ideal geoenvironment for human aetivities inehiding agrieulture, hortieulture, dense settlements and other eivil establishments. The Kulhi Valley is prone to various natural hazards, flash floods and eloudbursts that are very eommon in this valley due to its peeuliar geomorphie eonclifton, high relief of peripheral ridges and impact of monsoon winds. The studies carried out so far indicate that the losses caused by these phenomena both in terms of life and property are mainly due to unwise human interaction with the geoenvironment of the area. The paper gives an overview of the geoenvironmental status of the Kulhi Valley and suggests the necessity of undertaking further detailed studies ineluding resouree mapping for balaneed development of the area.

个人捐赠可抵扣个税

根据我国《个人所得税法》的相关规定，个人将其所得进行捐赠，在缴纳个人所得税前，可以抵扣个税。抵扣税额分为全额扣除和限额扣除两种：