哈密雅满苏铁矿床地质地球化学特征

矿床位于岛孤带近陆壳一侧。铁矿体沿成矿期断裂交代一充填于下石炭统雅满苏组碱性一钙碱性系列、中基性岩为主的海相火山岩和碳酸盐岩建造中。根据矿区安山质岩类KzO含量同岩浆深度的关系图解，多数样品投影在至贝尼奥夫带中心30-90km的上地幔；Fe2＋3号矿体中黄铁矿的同位素组成占拍S平均为1．95‰，接近球粒陨石的同位素组成；铁矿脉中方解石的占δOH2O为8．31‰，正好在原生岩浆水的占δOH2O的范国内（7‰～9．5‰）：矿石中矿石矿物磁铁矿与脉石矿物石榴石和矿区火山岩的稀土元素配分型式相似，均属稀土富集型。因此，成矿物质与矿区的火山岩主要同源于上地幔。该矿床属火山气液交代一充填型。

河北涞源木吉村矿田隐爆相角砾岩发育特征及其形成机制

河北涞源木吉村矿田内突出发育的隐爆相角砾岩,是该内生金属矿田的成矿同源岩体——闪长玢岩侵入晚期的产物。其形成和分布主要受成岩期构造控制。根据隐爆相角砾岩的地质发育特征将其分为四类:爆破角砾岩,震碎—震裂角砾岩、流化—侵入角砾岩、热液注入—交代角砾岩。

Rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion in Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit, Tongling area, Anhui province, China

Dongguashan deposit is a large porphyry-skarn copper（gold） deposit in Tongling ore district. The Qingshanjiao intermediate acid intrusion of Yanshanian had a direct genetic relationship with mineralization. The magma origin, rock-forming dynamic background and rock-forming process were studied, and the rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion was discussed, based on geological characteristics, detailed observation of petrography and systematic investigation of petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics of Qingshanjiao intrusion. The results show that Qingshanjiao rock body belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series with higher LREE elements, Th, Rb and Sr abundance, but depleted in HREE elements, Ba, Nb and Ta. The primary magma originated from the mantle-crust mixtures which were caused by basaltic magma of mantle mixing with syenite magma of partial melting of the lower crust, and the formation environment of Qingshanjiao intrusion was emplaced in the transitional environment from compression to extension. The Harker diagram and hybrid structures of plagioclase and potassium feldspar indicate that the fractional crystallization occurred in the process of magmatic evolution. The petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics indicate that the magma was contaminated by crustal material during the rock-forming. These results suggested that the Qingshanjiao intrusion was formed by fractional crystallization and assimilation and hybridization of mantle-crust magma in the transitional environment from compression to extensional.

Geomorphological Evolution Revealed by Aeolian Sedimentary Structure in Badain Jaran Desert on Alxa Plateau, Northwest China

The Badain Jaran Desert,located in the Alxa Plateau,Northwest China,features mega-dunes and a unique dune-lake alternation landscape.This paper presented the aeolian sediment structures of three representative dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert using ground-penetrating radar (GPR).We processed and analyzed the GPR data and investigated the feasibility of using integrated GPR and sedimentological data to reconstruct dunes structure,sedimentary environment and geomorphological evolution.The results show that the internal structures of star dune and transverse dune represent various stages of mega-dune evolution: the main deposition processes of mega-dune are similar to those of transverse dunes but have a more complicated mechanism of sand transport and deposition because of the superimposition of dunes;the upper section of the mega-dune has a structure similar to that of star dune,with vertical aggradations on top.Diffraction hyperbolae in the GPR profile indicates that the presence of ancient dunes characterized by calcareous cementation layers is involved in the maintenance of mega-dunes,and water levels,shown by continuous,sub-horizontal GPR reflections,are supposed to be closely related to mega-dunes and the interdune lakes.Outcrop of wet sand and horizontal stratifications on the GPR image indicate moisture potentials with different levels inside mega-dunes.The multiplex geomorphology in the Badain Jaran Desert is the result of global climatic undulation,the unique geographical location,the geological structural features,etc.

Cultivated Land Quality Analysis of Karst Mountain Areas Based on GIS: A Case Study of Jingxi County

Agricultural land quality assessment of karst mountain areas is an impor-tant means to protect and manage cultivated land quality of karst mountain areas. With Jingxi County as a case, the data resources included achievements of cultivat-ed land grade, achievements of second land investigation, investigation of local con-ditions and the other data resources. With the overlay tool of MapGIS, attribute data of evaluation index were obtained, which can reflect agricultural land＇ characteris-tics, and agricultural land quality scores were calculated and land quality was grad-ed using the model of comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors to make further analysis on characteristics and spatial distribution. The results showed that used agricultural land is dominated by middle and high-grade lands in Jingxi County mainly, representing 68.58% of Jingxi County’s agricultural lands. On the other hand, the quality of paddy land is general y higher than that of dry land, and quality of agricultural land showed higher in middle and eastern Jingxi, and lower in north-western region, which provides references for national land management.

Distribution characteristic and geological signiflcance of rare earth elements in Lopingian mudstone of Permian,Panxian county,Guizhou province

In order to discuss the geochemical characteristic of REEs （rare earth elements） and their geological application, we measured the contents of rare earth elements, trace elements and minerals of 29 Lopingian （Late Permian） mudstone samples in Panxian county, carrying out ICP-MS and XRD analysis. The results show that the amount of REEs （185.56-729.46 ×10-6） is high. The ratios of w（LREE）/w（HREE） （6.84- 13.86） and W（La）N/w（Yb）N （1.01-3.02） show clear differentiation of LREEs and HREEs. ZREE has a significantly or critically positive correlation with lithophile elements Th, Nb, Ta, Ti, Ca, Sc, Cs, Zr, Hf, Sr, Be and chaicophile element Zn, a critically negative correlation with siderophile element Fe and a slightly positive correlation with illite, illite smectite mixed layers and siderite. REEs originate mainly from terrigenous minerals, in an inorganic phase, Source rocks of our samples consist of Emeishan basalt and a small part of sedimentary rocks, as suggested by the distribution patterns of REEs and w（∑REE）- w（La）/w（Yb） diagram. Moreover, abnormal surfaces near the sequence boundaries （SB2, SB3, SB4） are related wiLth the boundaries, identified by geochemical characteristics of the REEs, such as ∑REE. w（LREE）/w（HREE）, Eu/Eu＊ and Ceanom.

GiT-based structural geologic feature analysis of the southern segment of Longmenshan fault zone for earthquake evidence

The Longmenshan fault is a thrust fault which runs along the base of the Longmen Mountains in Siehuan province, southwestern China. The southern segment of the fault had two distinct responses to the Ms 8 Wenehuan and Ms 7 Lushan earthquakes. This study determines characteristics of the structural geology of the Longmenshan fault to evaluate how it influenced the two aforementioned earthquakes. This research was done within a Geo- information Technologies （GiT） environment based on multi-source remote sensing and crustal movement data extracted from the Global Positioning System （GPS）. The spatial distribution of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone was comprehensively analyzed to study both earthquakes. The study revealed that the Wenehuan and Lushan earthquakes occurred on two relatively independent faults. In addition, there was a nearly constant-velocity crustal movement zone between the two epicenters that probably had a compressive stress with slow motion. Furthermore, the central fault and a mountain back fault gradually merged from north to south. The Lushan earthquake of the Wenchuan earthquake. was not an affershock The research showed that fault zones within 30-50 km of State Highway 318 are intensive and complex. In addition, crustal movement velocity decreased rapidly, with a strong multi-directional shear zone. Thus, activity in that zone was likely stronger than in the northern part over the medium to long term.

FEATURES AND MINING GEOLOGY SIGNIFICANCES OF THE COAL SEAM SLIP FOLD STRUCTURE IN XU-HUAI DISTRICT

In the analysis of some in-seam slip fold structures in the area of Xuzhou and Huaibei Districta it is noted that there exist some in-seam roof and footwall rock layers extremely incompatible to the existence of coal seams. Some of them are tbe slip fold structures that are wedged into coal seam by folding, but all of them are passively generated by in-seam shearing forces. In this paper, a discussion is put forward of the damage to coal seams by slip folds and the coal mining significance resulted from the study of slip fold structures.

Elementary Research on Activity Behavior of the Crust in Funan-Huoqiu Area, Southern Border of the North China Active Block Region

The Funan-Huoqiu area is located in the border tectonic belt between the North China and South China active block regions. By means of seismological and geological surveys and synthetic analysis, evidences of tectonic deformation in lower intensity have been found in the area since Late Pleistocene, where small earthquakes are distributed linearly along the main faults, conjugate shear joints are developed in the Upper Pleistocene nearby the faults. In the south of the studied region, fissures with different lengths, widths and directions occurred successively in Gushi, Huoqiu, Funan and other places of the area, in the 1970’s, and the direction of the fissures is approximately consistent with that of the Feizhong fault and Wanglaorenji fault. The authors hold that the clustering of small earthquakes, the conjugate shear joints developed in the Upper Pleistocene, the crumpled deformation of materials on fault plane, and the development of modern surface fissures in the area all reflect that the energy in the crust was slowly released, and that the weak deformation took place in corresponding faults. There was only one destructive earthquake taking place in the area (the Jiangkouji {M_S43/4} earthquake). Altogather, there has been weak activity in the area since the Late Quaternary, and it is mainly shown as a creep-slip.

Genesis of Low-Resistivity Oil layers from Cretaceous System in Luxi Area and Its Geological Significance

Genesis of low resistivity oil layers from cretaceous system in Luxi area was studied. The result shows that the resistivity of oil layers is lower than that of water layers from Tugulu Group(K 1tg),Cretaceous in Luliang area,Zhungeer basin, resulting in a disaccordance with logging interpretation on oil layers,oil water layers and water layers?The research on the petro texture of reservoirs also shows that the watered clay pellicle (I/S, I, ch) is well developed in K 1tg expands the section of conductive net and results in a low resistivity of oil layers.

Advances in Sinopec's Shale Gas Drilling Technologies

In order to economically and effectively develop shale gas in China, Sinopec introduced foreign technologies and integrated them with available domestic technologies and self-developed tools according to geological characteristics and complicated mountainous geomorphology in marine shale plays of southern China. A technology series composed of innovated theories concerning geological characterization during drilling, new generation of PDC bits, friction-reducing tools, low-cost oil-based drilling fluid system, high-efficient washing fluid and elastic mud systems, integrated drilling engineering design, long lateral cementing, modified well facto~ drilling method and etc., was developed to ful）qll fast and optimized drilling for shale gas wells. The application of the technology series in about 251 wells of Fuling gas Jield, Chongqing City, southwestern China, showed positive results： mechanical rotating speed increased by 191%, drilling duration redueed by 53%, and quality passing percent 100%.

Geomorphological Features of Ancient Volcanic Terrain of Mars

The article considers geological and morphological features of a volcanic relief of a surface of a planet Mars. Effusive magmatism processes at early stages of planet crust forming come out in structure of solidified relief forms of Mars. Volcanic relief of a planet represents relic ancient line oriented forms, areal and central lava flooding. Linear forms generate shield volcanoes, chains of volcanic mountains and radial-concentric faults. This article deals with geological and morphological characteristics of the volcanic terrain of Mars. Hypsometric altitude profiles of volcanoes have been built based on the MOLA （Mars orbiter laser altimeter） of the spacecraft MGS （Mars global surveyor）. The gradient of volcano flanks has been calculated. The relative age of the volcanic terrain was estimated by the classical method of counting of the density of impact craters. Names of the volcanic landforms of Mars are given in the article in accordance with the name nomenclature system approved by the International Astronomical Union. Research results make it possible to compare the scientific and technical information about the planet and analyze the materials of satellite imagery of Mars.

XU Xiaohui,CHEN Hui'e and WANG Gangcheng College of Construction Engineering,Jilin University,Changchun 130026,China

On the basis of geological investigating work and experimental studies on slide zone soil of one landslide in Tibet,the authors analyzed granulometric composition,clay mineral composition and physical and mechanical properties for the soil in the slide zone.The soil samples are gravel containing fine particle.Particles larger than 2 mm occupy the main proportion with the content 51.5%--68.5%.The relative content of clay minerals is low.The clay minerals are illite smectite mixed layer and kaolinite,and their relative contents are 6%--13% and 4%-11%,respectively.The main mineral ingredient is quartz and the relative content is over 30%.Therefore,the soil’s hydrophily is poor.The cohesion and internal friction angle are high,causing preferable physical-mechanical features of slide zone soil.On the basis of the obtained data,the landslide stability is evaluated by means of limit equilibrium method.The safety factors are 3.191 and 1.92 respectively under both natural and normal water level conditions.The study results show that the landslide is stable.It can provide the appropriate basis and reference for landslide stability evaluation and landslide control in Tibet.

Erosion and Sediment Disasters in Cambodia1

This report first gives a general description of Cambodia and then discusses its topographic and geological features. Finally, the current situation concerning erosion and sediment disasters is discussed.

Analysis of Surface and Ground Water Exchange in Two Different Watersheds

Water regime of Albanian rivers is a Mediterranean typical one. During the wet period, it flows 85%-90% of the annual flow and the dry period represents only 10%-15% of the annual amount. In this paper the water regime of the Semani and Vjosa River is analyzed. These are two rivers with total different hydro-geological characteristics. Vjosa river watershed is mainly composed of massif calcareous rocks that are streaky and karstifled. A totally different view is in the other river, in Seman where the impermeable rocks dominate. Even the distribution of the precipitation is quite different. In the Vjosa River the amount of the precipitation varies from 1,500 mm to 2,500 mm per year and in Semani River only 1,100 mm per year. The flow in the wet period is mainly a result of the precipitation and the minimum discharge occurs during the dry period representing the base flow that is the contribution from the groundwater. In this point of view the flow in the dry period is also an indicator of the underground water resource. During the dry period the watershed gives what it received and what has cumulated during the wet period. This is more evident in the case of a karstic watershed. The recession curves were analysed for all the hydrometric stations in both river basins and the parameters of these curves are evaluated. These results are analyzed and compared between the two different watersheds reflecting the differences on water exchange of surface and ground water. Finally, an assessment of groundwater resources in both hydro geological basins is worked out.

Geological characteristics and shale gas distribution of carboniferous mudstones in the Tarim Basin,China

Extant research on Paleozoic mudstone is well developed in the Tarim Basin, while the research on Carboniferous mudstone is relatively weak. Through systematic study of lithology, geochemical characteristics,reservoir characteristics and gas–bearing properties of Carboniferous mudstone in the Tarim Basin, this study aims to provide a geological basis for the Paleozoic shale gas exploration and development, favorable zone optimization, and resource potential evaluation in the Tarim Basin. The results show that the sedimentary environments of organic-rich mudstone in the study area were mainly basin facies and slope facies. Lithology is dominated by black carbonaceous mudstone, followed by calcareous mudstone, siliceous mudstone, and siliceous rocks. Mudstone is mainly developed in the Kalashayi Formation,which is located in the Bachu and Markit slope belt, with the cumulative thickness of 30–200 m. The organic carbon content is commonly more than 0.4%, and the organic matter types are type II and type III. Thermal evolution degree is widely distributed from a low mature to over mature stage, and different tectonic units have a greater difference. The contents of quartz plus feldspar are between 12% and 82.5%, with an average of 45.8%. Thecontent distribution of clay mineral is from 12% to 57%,with an average of 38.2%. Carbonate minerals(mainly siderite) content is below 50%. The brittle mineral content of the mudstone is approximately 65%, with a strong compressibility, and the mudstone has the material basis of forming crack and natural fracture. Microscopic pores in micro–nanometer level are well developed in the mudstone, including micro bedding joint, microcrack,interbedded pores of clay mineral, nanoscale intragranular or edge pores in the massive organic matter, bioclastic micropores, and mineral dissolution pores, etc. According to the standards provided by the Ministry of Land and Resources in China, the Kalashayi Formation in Bamai Area is a favorable area for shale gas development.

Analysis on Characteristics of Seismic Damage of the Nepal M_S8.1 Earthquake in the Tibet Area of China

On April 25,2015,a M_S8. 1 earthquake occurred in Nepal. In the Tibet area of China,this earthquake caused heavy casualties and damage to housing,roads,communications,other lifeline engineering, water conservancy and other infrastructure. This paper introduces the basic situation of the earthquake,and based on the investigation and assessment of seismic intensity,the damage of the disaster area is analyzed,and building types and damage to the lifeline systems and various industries are given. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the earthquake disaster,this paper points out the existing problems in seismic fortification,and finally puts forward proposals for the prevention and control of earthquake geological disasters, scientific planning for the restoration and reconstruction,strengthening earthquake prevention and disaster reduction propaganda,improving the awareness of earthquake preparedness in the agricultural and pastoral areas,strengthening the guidance and supervision of housing construction in rural areas to reduce the casualties and losses,and promoting the harmonious development of economy in Tibet.

Study on the Method for Obtaining Acceleration Waveform Records from Velocity Type Seismograms of the Digital Seismograph Network

The authors proposed a method for obtaining high-quality acceleration seismograms from velocity type seismograms of digital Seismographic network, and took as an example the analysis and processing of the seismograms of a same earthquake that was simultaneously recorded by velocity seismograph CTS1-EDAS24 and strong motion seismograph EST-Q4128 installed in Jixian Station, Tianjin. The calculation steps and the processing method have been discussed in detail. From the analysis and the comparison of the obtained results, it is concluded that the proposed method is simple and effective, and it broadens the application of digital seismographic network.

Nonlinear morphological characteristics of debris flow in Dongcheng area of Helong,Jilin

Helong City is located in the northeastern Changbai Mountain with a poor geological environment,there often occur debris flows,collapses and landslides;especially debris flows restrict the local economic development. Based on fractal theory and the surveying data of 34 debris flows,the authors studied fractal feature of debris flow gully and its various situations of fractal dimensions in different observation scales. The nonlinear relation reveals the development of non-uniformity and self similarity of debris flow gully.

Survey and establishment of Nanshimenzi Bed of Tiaojishan Formation in Qinglong,northern Hebei,China

In recent years,many fossil vertebrates,including feathered dinosaurs,have been discovered at Nanshimenzi village,Gangou Town,Qinglong County,Hebei Province,China.A geological section including the fossil-bearing strata was measured at Nanshimenzi,to determine the exact geological age and sedimentary characteristics of the section,and a new lithostratigraphic unit was named as the Nanshimenzi Bed.The Nanshimenzi Bed is about 56.6 m in thickness,mainly consisting of gray sandstones and siltstones and containing fossil vertebrates and several coal streaks.On the basis of survey and comparison,the Nanshimenzi Bed should be assigned to Tiaojishan Formation and probably to the upper part of the formation.