加强导游员的培训工作为2008年的北京培养一批优秀的地陪

我们较深入地研究了北京导游员的现状和工作特点 .研究认为北京地陪每年接待着几百万的国内外宾客 ,其中很多又是国宾、贵宾和专业人士 .导游员的形象代表首都、代表中国 .他们的业务水平要求高 ,劳动强度大 ,工作内容涉及广泛 ,带团效果影响巨大 .这是一项工作又是一门艺术 .但是北京市现在导游员队伍存在学历水平偏低 ,语种发展不平衡 ,级别结构不合理等问题 .面对 2 0 0 8年奥运会的挑战 ,北京市旅游业急需大量优秀导游员 ,我们应该刻不容缓的加强导游员的培训工作 .本文强调了加强对导游员的培训工作的重要性 。

Differences of Photosynthetic Characteristics of the Grape Cultivated in Greenhouse and Open Field in Turpan

[Objective] This study compared the leaf photosynthetic characteristics of Turpan grape cultivated in greenhouses and open field to provide a scientific basis for the high-quality and high-yield cultivation of grape. [Method] Two precocious grape varieties as experimental materials were cultivated in greenhouses and open field, and their net photosynthetic rates （Pn）, photo-response curves and CO2 response curves were determined using Li-400XT portable photosynthesis system. [Result] The leaf Pn of the two varieties cultivated in open field was higher than that in greenhouse. The Pn of Hongqitezao cultivated in open field was the highest, up to 19.79 μmol/（m^2·s）; in the photo-response curves, Hongqitezao cultivated in greenhouse had the largest Pnmax and apparent quantum yield （AQY）, while the Flame Seedless in greenhouse had the smallest light compensation point （LCP）. The light saturation point （LSP） value of greenhouse cultivation was higher than that of open field cultivation. In the CO2 response test, the dark respiration rate （Rd） and Pnmax of greenhouse cultivation were higher than those of open field cultivation, and the carboxylation efficiency （CE） of greenhouse cultivation was lower than that of open field cultivation; the CO2 compensation point （CCP） and CO2 saturation point （CSP） of greenhouse cultivation were lower than those of open field cultivation. [Conclusion] The utilization of elevated light in greenhouse cultivation was more efficient than in open field cultivation; however, the utilization of elevated CO2 in greenhouse cultivation was weaker than tin open field cultivation.

Cultivation Techniques of Panax notoginseng F.H. Chen under Different Forests

To overcome the issues of high cost and continuous cropping obstacles in facility cultivation of Panax notoginseng_ F. H. Chen, satisfy the market demand, save the production cost, improve the utilization rate of forest land, increase the in-come of forest farmers and protect the ecological environment, the cultivation tech-niques of high-quality P. notoginseng seedlings from Wenshan, Yunnan under four kinds of forests （walnut forest, China fir forest, grape forest and kiwi forest） were in-vestigated in this study. The results showed that the height growth, crown diameter, survival rate and 3-year-old tuber weight of P. notoginseng_under walnut forest were higher than those under the other three kinds of forests; the height growth, crown diameter, survival rate and 3-year-old tuber weight of P. notoginseng under China fir forest were higher than those under grape forest and kiwi forest; and the crown di-ameter and survival rate under grape forest were higher, and the height growth and tuber weight under grape forest were lower than those under kiwi forest. Walnut is a broad-leaved deciduous tree species, so large-scale cultivation of P. notoginseng_should be conducted under broadleaf deciduous forest with canopy density around 0.8, taking advantage of the cool environment and rich humus layer under forest. This cultivation technology could save labor, shade, fertilizer and other costs, and accord with the ecological habit and the growth rules of P. notoginseng, thus im-proving yield and achieving high economic benefit.

~1H and ^(13)C NMR Assignments for Amlodipine and Risperidone

Aim To investigate the NMR spectroscopy of amlodipine and risperidone.Methods 1D NMR and 2D NMR experimental techniques of gCOSY, gHSQC and gHMBC were wsed. Results Theassignments of the ~1H and ^(13) C NMR data for the two drugs were performed and confirmed by theevidence of J_(HF) and J_(CF). Conclusion The structures of amlodipine and risperidone wereconfirmed by careful analysis of regular 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Cultivation Techniques for High-yield Corn in a Karst Area of Southwest Guizhou

The cultivation techniques for high-yield corn in a karst area of southwest Guizhou were elaborated in this research from the respects of choosing farmland, preparing farmland, picking good seeds, timely sowing, rational close planting, im-proving the quality of planting, mulching, scientific fertilization, field management, timely harvest, etc. we hoped to provide a reference for the realization of high-effi-ciency corn planting in mountain areas.

Cultivation of Black Fungus under Forest in Middle-high Altitude Areas

[Objective] The study was to solve the contradiction between fungus and forest during the production of black fungi, and to obtain relatively high economic benefits and ecological benefits. [Method] Black fungi were cultivated in forest with middle-high altitude of 500-1 600 m. The germination time of fungus stick, germination days of buds, growth days of fruiting body, commodity exterior, marketing effect and biological efficiency of black fungi were investigated. [Result] Compared with traditional cultivation, black fungus products cultivated under forest had the taste and flavor of wild black fungus. Fungus chaff wastage was directly decomposed by the roots in forest land, improving the soil structure of forest land. The need of moisture retention and the frequent access of administrative staff reduced the probability of forest fire occurrence. [Conclusion] Cultivation of black fungus under forest saves more than 70% fixed-asset investment on fungus shed, and the biological efficiency reached 12.2%.

Relationship between cultivated land use functions and land rental behavior of rural households:empirical evidence from different dominant functional regions in central China

This paper analyzes the relationship between the cultivated land use functions and the land rental decisions of rural households in three Dominant Functional Zones of Hubei, China. The results indicate that 41.10% of the rural households in the study areas participated in the land rental market. The land rental market in the Key Development Zone has both a higher participation rate and land rent; the Agricultural Production Zone has a higher participation rate but a lower land rent; and the land rental market in the Key Ecological Zone is underdeveloped. The difference in regional function and economic level leads to a significant difference in the spatial variation of the cultivated land use multifunction. Overall, the cultivated land function of rural households has a significant impact on their land transfer behavior. The higher the Functions of Economic Contribution, Food Production, and Pension & Employment, the more willing the rural households are to rent in the land, while the higher the Function of Inheritance and Retainment of the cultivated land use, the more likely the peasants are to retain their cultivated land resources. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient is significantly higher in the Key Development Zone than in the Key Ecological Zone.

Fruit protected cultivation in China

Protected fruit cultivation in China has developed very quickly from the early 1990s, and now it is an important branch in fruit cultivation. A brief review including fruit species, developing history, growing area, output, and distribution in the whole country is made in the paper. Characteristics of the dominant kinds of greenhouse, environmental control methods, and standards of temperature, humidity, light and CO2 for different fruit species are presented. Information on varieties, growing benefits, special management practices and other aspects of the main fruit species used for protected cultivation are also presented.

Effects of Different Simple Cultivation Facilities on Yield and Quality of Over-summer Brassica campestris L. in South China

The effects of different simple cultivation facilities on yield and quality of Brassica campestris L. were compared to explore the optimal facility type for pro- duction of B. campestris, thereby providing a technical reference for efficient cultiva- tion of B. campestris during hot season. A total of four treatments were designed, open field cultivation （CK）, ordinary anti-insect net shed cultivation, ordinary plastic film greenhouse cultivation and Japanese translucent anti-insect net shed cultivation. The results showed that compared with those in open field cultivation, the plant height, leaf area, yield, Vc content, soluble sugar content and soluble protein con- tent of B. campestris in Japanese translucent anti-insect net shed cultivation were increased by 22%, 63%, 49%, 14%, 13% and 10%, respectively, and Japanese translucent anti-insect net shed was the optimal facility type for cultivation of B. campestris in hot season.

Effects of Powder Ridge Cultivation on Growth and Yield of Hunan Cassava

[Objective] The aim was to explore a suitable cultivation approach for cassava in Hunan province. [Method] With SC9(Southern China 9) as test materials, the test included four treatment methods, as follows: control group by traditional cultivation with crops uncovered(CK), treatment 1 by traditional cultivation with mulch coverage, treatment 2 by powder ridge cultivation with crops uncovered, and treatment 3 by powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage. Water and fertilizer managements were kept the same. [Result] Compared with traditional cultivation(CK), the treatment by powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage performed better. Specifically, yield per unit area reached 44 790 kg/hm2, increasing by 86.38%(20 760 kg/hm2) than that of control; starch content grew by 17.24%. The cultivation method considerably improved cassava yield and quality. [Conclusion] Powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage is a cultivation approach suitable for cassava in Hunan province.

Identification and Physiological Properties of Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated from Different Origin

Bifidobacteria play an important role in maintaining human health, and suppress harmful bacteria by controlling the pH of the large intestine. About 14 strains of the Bifidobacteria have been isolated from the faeces of infants nursed exclusively from the maternal milk （their ages less than 5 months） from commercial French yoghurt （active bifidus] and from milk （celia bifidus） on MRS medium （containing 0.05% cysteine-HC1, with nalidixic acid 2 mg rel）. A total of six strain are strict anaerobic and gram-positive Bifidobacteria, identified as, B. longum （60% of the samples） was the most frequently found species, followed by B. bifidum （21.0%）, B. breve （19%）. These strains were evaluated for potential use as probiotics based on their adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, resistance towards acidic （resistance to low pH） and bile conditions, pH values ranging from 6.5 to 7, however, these strains are sensitive to the pH 8, Bifidobacterium are mesophiles with optimal growth at 36℃ to 41℃. All isolates studied have a fast growth in glucose.

Efforts for Revitalization of Northeast China

Recently,China Europe Nusiness School has signed a partnership agreement with Jilin government,starting the

Effects of soil moisture and soil depth on nitrogen mineralization process under Mongolian pine plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, P. R. China

The rates of soil N mineralization at soil depths of 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and45-60 cm and moisture regimes were measured at three sand-fixation plantations of Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica by laboratory aerobic incubation method. The results showed that average rates ofsoil net N-mineralization across soil depth varied from 1.06 to 7.52 mg · kg^(-1)·month^(-1) atsoil depths from 0 to 60 cm. Statistical analyses indicated that the effects of different soildepths, moistures and their interactions on net N-mineralization rates were significant (P < 0.05).The net N-mineralization rates significantly decreased with increasing soil depths and at depth 0-15cm accounted for 60.52% of that at depth of 0-60 cm. There was no difference in soil netN-mineralization rates between half and fully-saturated water treatments, however these rates weresubstantially higher than that without water treatment (P < 0.05). The factors influencing Nmineralization process have to be studied further in these semiarid pine ecosystems.

Ecology detection of moderate thermophilic enrichment at Lau Basin hydrothermal vents

Culturable thermophilic microorganisms were enriched from samples collected from Lau Basin hydrothermal vents in artificial seawater medium at 45 ℃ and pH 7.0. Microbial diversities of the enriched communities were defined by performing a restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences with enzymes MspI and Hin6 I. A total of 14 phylotypes have been detected by the RFLP patterns identified for 16S rRNA clone libraries of the enrichment. Analysis of sequences showed that at least four bacterial divisions presented in the clones libraries. The phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant groups. The majority of the sequences included in this analysis affiliated with Gamma Proteobacteria （71%） and Bacillus （23%）. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that there were abundant rod and coceoidal forms encased in sulphur and sodium chloride precipitate. These results revealed that there were a diversity of moderate thermophilic bacterial populations thrived in Lau Basin hydrothermal vents that were previously not detected by either molecular retrieval or strain purification techniques.

A simple and inexpensive method for muddy shore profiling

There are several well-established methods for obtaining beach profiles, and more accurate and precise high-tech methods are emerging. Traditional low-cost methods requiring minimal user skill or training are still popular among professionals, scientists, and coastal zone management practitioners. Simple methods are being developed with a primary focus on sand and gravel beaches. This paper describes a simple, low-cost, manual field method for measuring profiles of beaches, which is particularly suitable for muddy shores. The equipment is a type of flexible U-tube manometer that uses liquid columns in vertical tubes to measure differences in elevation; the supporting frame is constructed from wooden poles with base disks, which hold measuring scales and a PVC tube. The structure was trialed on a mudflat characterized by a 20~0-cm-thick surface layer of silt and clay, located at the Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. The study results are discussed with notes on the method＇s applicability, advantages and limitations, and several optional modifications for different scenarios for routine profiling of muddy shores. The equipment can be used by one person or two people, and the accuracy of the method is comparable to those in other methods. The equipment can also be used on sandy or gravel beaches.

Effect of barley straw biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions from upland soil for Chinese cabbage cultivation in short-term laboratory experiments

Chinese cabbage was cultivated in upland soil with the addition of biochar in order to investigate the potential for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Barley straw biochar(BSB) was introduced in a Wagner pot(1/5000a) in amounts of 0(BSB0, control), 100(BSB100), 300(BSB300), and 500(BSB500) kg 10a^(-1). After the addition of BSB into the upland soil, carbon dioxide(CO_2) emission increased while methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions decreased. The highest CO2 flux was measured for the BSB500 sample,(84.6 g m^(-2)) followed by BSB300, BSB100, and BSB0 in decreasing order. Relative to those of control, the total CH_4 flux and N_2O flux for the BSB500 treatment were lower by 31.6% and 26.1%, respectively. The global warming potential(GWP) of the treatment without biochar was 281.4 g CO_2 m-2 and those for treatments with biochar were in the range from 194.1 to 224.9 g CO_2 m^(-2). Therefore, introducing BSB into upland soil to cultivate Chinese cabbages can reduce the global warming potential.

Standardized Cultivation of Cold Region Rice in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area

The paper analyzes the characteristics of rice production in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area(HRA)and the achievements made through innovative research and practice,evaluates the standardized mode of rice cultivation and technical standards for rice production,which play a key role in guaranteeing the growth of grain total output in Heilongjiang reclamation area and make great contributions to the national grain safety.

Evolution of gastroenterology training

There have been rapid developments in gastroenterology(GE)over the last decade.Up until the late 1980s,GE-training was incorporated in Internal Medicine training.The introduction of endoscopy has necessitated the need for additional training.Around the world different national boards have developed their own curricula which will be discussed in this paper. Emphasis will be placed on the curriculum recently introduced in The Netherlands.The internal medicine component has become a two-year requirement (Common Trunk)and the duration of training in GE has been extended to four years.Because of the growing complexity of GE,there are now four subspecialties:Interventional Endoscopy,Neuromotility, Oncology and Hepatology that trainees can choose from.These subspecialties each have predefined specific requirements.The World Gastroenterology Organization has drawn up a standard curriculum which can be of help to the boards in different countries. The curriculum emphasizes the knowledge and skill components.The curriculum also defines the training recommendations,the requirements of training facilities and competence evaluation of fellows and facilities,while less is said about research,finance and the number of gastroenterologists required.In the coming decades the curriculum will need to be revised continuously.Personalization of the curriculum will be the next challenge for the years to come.

Preparation of Dried Culture of Probiotic Rhizopus oryzae in Two Different Mediums as Feed Additive to Indigenous Chicken

Fungus Rhizopus oryzae has a probiotic potential, but the potency is not yet explored. Probiotics are usually used as feed additive, including to the chicken. Probiotic needs a suitable medium for their life. The aim of the study was to know which preparations can produce suitable medium for the growth of Rhizopus oryzae on the dried culture formed. The study used two preparations. Preparation 1 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg） and culture ofRhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Broth （PDB medium） （500 mL）; then preparation 1 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg） and culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDB medium （500 mL）. Preparation 2 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Agar （PDA medium） （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）; preparation 2 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDA medium （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）. The culture of Rhizopus oryzae even both on PDB and PDA were 3 d of incubation. All preparations were incubated for 7 d then they were dried under the sun. Parameter evaluation was the growth performance of the fungus in the dried culture media. The growth performance was analyzed by microscopic analysis and the number of colony of the fungi in the two dried culture media. The results showed that from the macroscopic analysis, the sample of both dried culture media which were placed on PDA medium showed the growth of mycelia and spores of the same kind of fungus and it was proved by microscopic observation that the fruiting bodies （mycelia and spores） of that ftmgus was Rhizopus oryzae. The colonies number of the fungi from preparation 1 （a） and 1 （b） were 0,4 × 10 cfu/gr and 2.4 × 10^3 cfu/gr, respectively, and from preparation 2 （a） and 2 （b） were 1.3 × 10^5 cfu/gr and 8.3 ×10^2 cfu/gr, respectively. It could be concluded that the product of the dried culture of probiotic Rizopus oryzae from the preparation 2 with rice brand or corn grain mediums can be used as feed additive to indigenous chicken.

Study on the Applied Talents Training in Local Colleges

It is the inevitable requirement to emphasize applied talents training in modem society when the economy and society are under rapid development, during which the local colleges are obliged to undertake this significant responsibility. Taking the training of applied talents as the core during the teaching and education is the important step taken by local colleges in Jilin to adapt to the social demands. The quality of the talents would directly influence the contributions made to the society by local colleges and its own sustainable development. Nowadays, the local colleges in Jilin should reinforce their efforts in the training of applied talents and deepen the reform comprehensively from the educational concepts, training programs and teaching courses so as to effectively realize the teaching objectives of the training on applied talents.