Geostress measurements near fault areas using borehole stress-relief method

To minimize negative effects of geostress distribution on mining safety near the fault areas, the UPM40 triaxial geostress testing system was introduced to conduct in-situ geostress measurements at three sites and nine points by the borehole stress-relief method. The results of strain?confining pressure curves show that rock masses at the three measuring sites exhibit comprehensive linear elasticity in spite of various fissures or cracks within rocks. Horizontal and vertical stress components distribute discrepantly near the fault areas, and the maximum lateral pressure coefficient is as high as 6.15. The maximum principle stress ranges from 8.01 to 14.93 MPa, and stress directions are in the range of N78.07°W?N17.55°W. Geostresses near fault areas are dominated by the horizontal tectonic stresses, while the lower values, compared to those under similar geological conditions are due to stress release by the fault. Additionally, the fault and shear stress nearby are partially responsible for asymmetric elongation and southwesterly migration of orebodies.

Numerical study of dispersion characteristics of dipole flexural waves in a cased hole with different cement conditions

Crossed-dipole acoustic logging technology is mainly used to measure shear wave and determine the anisotropy or fractures of formation in the fi eld of acoustic logging.Based on the propagation characteristics of dipole flexural waves in cased holes,and the wavefi eld of fundamental flexural mode at three bonding conditions:good cement bonding,poorly bonded interface I,and poorly bonded interface II.The dispersion curves of flexural waves are calculated,and the eff ects of cement parameters(elastic parameters and geometric dimensions)on dispersion curves are investigated.The RAI method is used to calculate the dipole full waveforms in a cased hole with conventional or ultralight cement surrounded by a soft formation.Then,the weighted spectral semblance is used to conduct the dispersion analysis of the full waves.The numerical results show that the cutoff frequency of flexural waves exceeds the frequency band of the current dipole logging tools in the well-bonded cased hole with conventional cement in soft formations.However,when ultralight cement is used,the cutoff frequency shifts toward low values,and the ultralight cement bonding is conducive to measuring flexural waves in soft formations.When interface I is poorly bonded,the cutoff frequency shifts toward low values,and the change is evident in soft formations.The cutoff frequency in the case of ultralight cement bonding is more evident than that of conventional cement bonding.If only interface II is poorly bonded,regardless of the cement used,the cutoff frequencies are all below 2 kHz.The dipole full-wave analysis of diff erent bonding conditions further illustrates that the dispersion characteristics of flexural waves are sensitive to the cement bonding quality of cased holes.

Development of a Research Probe for Geothermal Boreholes

This paper introduces the idea of a framework for the implementation of novel downhole probes. A couple of examples （e.g. a tracer detector, a casing smear test probe or a casing repair probe） demonstrate that many components can be reused. These are the ＂bricks＂ of the ZWERG toolkit which is developed to match the environment in boreholes. Two ＂bricks＂ are described in detail： The housing （1） has to resist the pressure and other mechanical stress in deep holes. The selection of the material and the calculation of the wall thickness are the main interests. In many applications, a thermal management （2） of the inside of the probe is absolutely necessary. A dewar vessel can uncouple the heat of the geothermal reservoir and the temperature in the probe. It is important to understand the physical heat flow mechanisms. A set of formulas allows a good estimation of the quantity of heat that warms up the probe. The toolkit contains some immaterial ＂bricks＂ like blueprints of proven designs or support for the logistic process of finding and purchasing compatible components. The intention to drill near magma chambers calls for a common eflbrt of the geothermal community to gather compatible components, assemblies and knowhow and makes it widely available. ZWERG could be a starting point.

Soft–strong supporting mechanism of gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst

When gob-side entry retaining is implemented in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst, the cementbased supporting body beside roadway will bear greater roof pressure and strong impact load. Then the supporting body may easily deform and fail because of its low strength in the early stage. This paper established the roadside support mechanical model of gob-side entry retaining. Based on this model,we proposed and used the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support in the gob-side entry retaining. In the early stage of roof movement, the soft–strong supporting body has a better compressibility, which can not only relieve roof pressure and strong impact load, but also reduce the supporting resistance and prevent the supporting body from being crushed. In the later stage, with the increase of the strength of the supporting body, it can better support the overlying roof. The numerical simulation results and industrial test show that the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support can be better applied into the gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst.

Ekphrasis in Houellebecq＇s The Map and the Territory as Mise-en-Abyme and as Metafiction

In Michel Houellebecq＇s novel The Map and the Territory （2010）, the references to visual art, painting, and photography take a central place in the narrative. In addition to the verbal representation of artworks, there is an entire system of commentary, interpretation, and criticism of art. The references to visual art appear explicitly as ekphrases which splice the narrative time and again. The unique nature of ekphrasis in The Map and the Territory lies in its representation of art devoid of an origin in the real wodd; for the paintings in The Map and the Territory do not exist in reality but are pure literary paintings, in the full meaning of the word, as the artworks mentioned in the story have an existence restricted to Houellebecq＇s novel. The article analyses the ekphrases in The Map and the Territory and argues that they are a virtual visuality mediated by words, employing solely the technique of ekphrasis as an enhancer of meanings in a text and thereby foregrounding its artifice. It further argues that the ekphrases are open to a field of interpretive possibilities by contemporary society, as every ekphrasis features within it subversion and a contemplation on contemporary reality

High-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique in deep-well oil shale roadways

In order to avoid the deep-well oil shale roadway being deformed, damaged, or difficult to maintain after excavating and supporting in Haishiwan coal mine, this paper has analyzed the characteristics of the deformed roadway and revealed its failure mechanism by taking comprehensively the methods of field geological investigation, displacement monitoring of surrounding rock, rock properties and hydration properties experiments and field application tests. Based on this work, the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting principle is proposed, which is： to ＂resist＂ by high pre-tightening force and high stiff- ness in the early stage, to ＂yield＂ by making use of the controlled deformation of a yielding tube in the middle stage, and to ＂fix＂ by applying total-section Gunite in the later stage. A high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique of ＂high pre-tightening force yielding anchor bolt ＋ small-bore pre-tight- ening force anchor cable ＋ rebar ladder beam ＋ rhombic metal mesh ＋ lagging gunite＂ has been estab- lished, and industrial on site testing implemented. The practical results show that the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique can effectively control the large deformation and long-time rheology of deep-well oil shale roadways and can provide beneficial references for the maintenance of other con-generic roadways.Deep-well Oil shale

Tourist Industry Promotion： Aim to Introduce Thai Local Foods Matching With Northern Program＇s Tours to Serve Sustainable Tourism

Tourist industry had been promoted and become one of the important strategies of Thai government for socioeconomic development for years and become successful by ranking--Thailand becomes well-known as top ranking to visit from tourists around the world. When people travel, foods are always needed to fulfill human needs and the satisfaction of the travelers. The objectives of the research were to： （1） survey and determine the local food image and identity of Northern region of Thailand to support tourist industry; （2） survey program＇s tourism in Thailand and study the promotion of local food that had added in the programs＇ tours as tourist destination; （3） find out the possibility of local food and culture for promotion in tourist industry of Northern region in Thailand; （4） develop gastronomy tourism＇s routing. The population were the subject persons who are experts in tourist industry, Northern foods restaurant owner, and program＇s tour. Mixed method was used for data collection and analysis. The result of the research is revealed into four parts： Phase 1： （1） Thai Northern region had been divided into two part： upper Northern and lower Northern region. There are eight provinces in upper Northern region： Chingmai, Chingrai, Lampoon, Lampang, Prayao, Phare, Nan, and Mae-Hongsorn. Chingmai was the capital of ＂Lanna territory （1558-1774）＂ rich with culture; （2） Upper Northern local foods related to the legend, have their own characters and are still available to get to eat; （3） Northern local food contained with Northern ingredient and indicated as geographical indications; （4） The lower Northern region related with ＂Sukhothai territory （1157-1370）＂, Sukhothai was the capital. There are six provinces in the region： Sukhothai, U-taradid, Tag, Kampangpet, Pidsanuloak, and Petchaboon. Food of the lower Northern provinces had their own characteristics but some of the dishes were influenced with Chinese cuisine, such as noodles. Phase 2： Most of tour companies had included local food in the tour programs to promote Northern local foods in low level. Phase 3： Life＇s pathway of the Northern people lived related to the three seasons： rainy season, cool season, and summer. Each season had different kinds of vegetables and fruits which influence the menus and foods. Eating foods as medicine also related to the season, such as shallot and garlic had added more in foods in cool season, in order to prevent cold of family＇s members. Northern life style always celebrated in all ceremonies with foods, snack, and sweet, such as： wedding, cremation, and community cerebrations which may be promoted in tour program as their ways of living with sustainable, in order to promote socioeconomic development in the community. Phase 4： The gastronomy tourism was developed into five routings to promote tourist industry in the Northern part of Thailand as the following： （1） gateway to reach ＂Lanna＂; （2）window to visit the Northern part of Thailand; （3） pay respect to the Buddha and visit dynasty heritage; （4） visit the peaceful and tranquilly heritage; and （5） visit Thailand＇s border with boundless. Conclusion： Thai local lifestyle, culture, and local foods in the Northern part of Thailand, contained rich image and identity of history, legend, and human diversity, which are worth and valuable for promoting as tourist industry in the Northern part of Thailand and also conserved job absorption and community development. Therefore the government of Thailand and tour companies ought to promote Thai local foods as value added and tourist industry which also benefit for the sustainable socioeconomic development in long future.

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Factors affecting the spatial distribution and breeding habitat of an insular cliff-nesting raptor community

The specific spatial distribution and habitat association--strongly influenced by environmental fac- tors or competitive interactions--are major issues in ecology and conservation. We located and georeferenced nesting sites of five cliff-nesting raptors （Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus [a locally extinct species], common buzzard Buteo buteo, osprey Pandion haliaetus, common kes- trel Falco tinnunculus, Barbary falcon Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides）, and common raven Corvus corax on one of the most biodiverse hotspot within the Canary Islands （Teno, Tenerife）. We used generalized linear models to evaluate the factors affecting abundance, richness, and intra- and interspecific interactions. Raptor abundance increased with slope, shrub-covered area, and habitat diversity, and decreased with altitude, and forested and grassed areas. Richness increased with slope and decreased with altitude. Threatened species （osprey, Barbary falcon, and raven） occu- pied cliffs farther away from houses and roads, and more rugged areas than the non-threatened species. The models suggested that the probability of cliff occupation by buzzards, falcons, and rav- ens depended only on inter-specific interactions. Buzzard occupation increased with the distance to the nearest raven and kestrel nests, whereas falcons and ravens seek proximity to each other. Teno holds between 75% and 100% of the insular breeding populations of the most endangered species （osprey and raven）, indicating the high conservation value of this area. Our study suggests that the preservation of rugged terrains and areas of low human pressure are key factors for raptor conservation and provide basic knowledge on the community structure and habitat associations to develop appropriated management actions for these fragile island populations.