As the basic problems in seismology, fluid, heat and energy distribution near earthquake sources during earthquake generation have been the leading subjects of concern to seismologists. Currently, more and more resear...As the basic problems in seismology, fluid, heat and energy distribution near earthquake sources during earthquake generation have been the leading subjects of concern to seismologists. Currently, more and more research shows fluid around earthquake source areas, which plays an important role in the process of earthquake preparation and generation. However, there is considerable controversy over the source of fluid in the deep crust. As for the problem of heat around earthquake source areas, different models have been proposed to explain the stress heat flow paradox. Among them, the dynamic weakening model has been thought to be the key to solving the heat flow paradox issue. After large earthquakes, energy distribution is directly related to friction heat. It is of timely and important practical significance to immediately implement deep drilling in-site surveying to gain understanding of fluid, friction heat and energy distribution during earthquake generation. The latest international progress in fluid, heat and energy distribution research has been reviewed in this paper which will bring important inspiration for the understanding of earthquake preparation and occurrence.展开更多
In this paper,spatial correlation of crop yield in the middle and west of Jilin Province is analyzed by us-ing the method of geostatistics semivariogram,taking the NDVI of NOAA/AVHRR spectrum data as the regionalized ...In this paper,spatial correlation of crop yield in the middle and west of Jilin Province is analyzed by us-ing the method of geostatistics semivariogram,taking the NDVI of NOAA/AVHRR spectrum data as the regionalized vari-able,aiming to provide theory and practical basis for field sampling of crop yield estimation using remote sensing.The ratio of nugget variance and sill of semivariograms are 21.1% and 9.7% in the west and middle regions in Jilin Province respectively.This shows that the crop yields are spatially correlated.The degree and range of correlation are far different in the different situations.In the west test region,the range is 49.9 km and the sill is 0.00019.In the middle testre-gion,the range is 16.5 km and the sill is0.00453.The dissimilarity in the western test region is larger than that in the middle one.The range in which the correlation existed of the former is far larger than the later.Different character is tics of spatial correlation of crop yield are decided by the environmental factors.Samples for crop yield estimation should be extracted according to the characteristic of spatial distribution of crop yield to promote the efficiency of sampling.展开更多
A considerable amount of tunnelling has been going on in India for various projects such as hydroelectric power, irrigation, roads and railways. Most of these projects are located in Himalayas, far away from the urban...A considerable amount of tunnelling has been going on in India for various projects such as hydroelectric power, irrigation, roads and railways. Most of these projects are located in Himalayas, far away from the urban areas. Tunnelling through weak and jointed rock masses such as the one in the Himalayas is a challenging task for the planners, designers, engineers and geologists because of high overburden, thickly vegetated surface, weak, poor and fragile rocks and highly varying geology with the presence of numerous small and big shear zones, faults, etc. Due to these reasons, various tunnelling problems have been faced in the past and are still being encountered. Failures and the problems may be regarded as challenges and opportunities for generating new knowledge base and thereby increasing self-reliance in tunnelling. The experiences of Himalayan tunnelling through weak and fragile rocks covering varying and mixed geology, understanding on tunnelling in squeezing ground conditions and applicability of TBM in Himalayas are presented. It has also been highlighted that the probe holes planning, drilling and monitoring shall be followed seriously to reduce the geological surprises.展开更多
Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this pr...Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this process： the acquisition of permanent status from state governments, the establishment of the USGS （United States Geological Survey）, and the increase in regional professional scientific societies and publications in the Midwest. These factors aided in the transformation of research projects by state geologists. These projects grew more focused, of higher quality, and increased in number during this time-period. State governments still expected Midwestern geological surveys to meet the practical needs of their respective states as this transformation continued, but surveys complemented these goals with projects more closely related to pure science. This shift encouraged the research goals of surveys to investigate projects more closely related to pure scientific pursuits, and significantly aided in the growth of the earth sciences in the nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century.展开更多
Geologists can offer key insights in regard to several high profile environmental issues that are faced today. At the same time, like scientists in most other disciplines, many geologists are not naturally adept at co...Geologists can offer key insights in regard to several high profile environmental issues that are faced today. At the same time, like scientists in most other disciplines, many geologists are not naturally adept at communicating in an effective manner with non-geologists. This paper firstly identifies the more subtle facets of topical major issues （the drivers） where geologists can contribute important perspectives. Next, the detractions to effective communication are identified, along with the recommended means to overcome them （the mechanisms）. Many topical issues are in fact geologically-underpinned （e.g. obviously, geohazards）, so geologists ought to have something meaningful to say. By the same token, if geologists have difficulty communicating with other scientists, how can they possibly hope to communicate with journalists and with the public at large？ Proper scientific contextualization is an ideal starting point, but this fundamental framing step does not always suit protagonists who have non-scientific agendas. Thus, geologists not only have to convey their science （geology） in an understandable way, but to do so in a truly effective manner must recognize and take into account possible predispositions that their audience may have.展开更多
This study consists to the detection of cavities that could be present over abandoned mines of Albania with the use of SP （self potential） and ERT （electrical resistance tomography）. In general, natural and artifi...This study consists to the detection of cavities that could be present over abandoned mines of Albania with the use of SP （self potential） and ERT （electrical resistance tomography）. In general, natural and artificial cavities represent an important investigation target in geotechnical, environmental and scientific studies. These studies could be engineering, archaeological or speleological. For the detection and localization of such cavities during the last 20 years, several geophysical studies have been used worldwide. In this field study, several geophysical methods could be used such as electrical, electromagnetic, gravimetric and seismic ones. Now days, the ground penetrating radar technique and ERT are widely used. Depending on geological formation conditions every used method is more or less effective. As a result of actual conditions of works on ore mines, the dynamic regime of the surroundings areas has undergone changes creating superficial cavities and funnels and as consequence the geological risk to the community is present. The detection of cavities is a challenge for geophysicists and in these cases the ambiguity on interpretation of geophysical data has to be solved properly. The simultaneous application of different geophysical methods and monitoring in time are necessary in order that the field data interpretation could be significant. Geophysical investigations were carried out as tests over galleries of ore mines of Albania. In this study, we present the SP and ERT results in two sites, in Dhrovjan and Perrenjas region. The effectiveness of the used geophysical methods was present.展开更多
When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused ...When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused by radioactive substances, With the aid of geologists, a model of a hypothetical area was elaborated and described with the use of geological and hydrogeological parameters. The volume of isotopes released out of the massif at the borderline of the near/far field from the DGR was determined. The paper results showed that ground water flow and transport of substances within the area were first to be determined. The Flow123D SW was used for the determination. The resulting outcome represents a determination of transported substances concentration depending on time. The disadvantage of the model is the fact that all the input parameters were set deterministically. The problem is solved by using the sensitivity analysis （changing the input parameters） or using the Monte Carlo Method. The major results are： calculations of the radionuclide concentrations in the elements depending on time and determination of parameters that have the biggest impact on the sensitivity of the whole model.展开更多
High-resolution shallow seismic methods are the most widely used geophysical methods in near surface characterization. However, in many cases interpreting the seismic images can be misleading. In this article, we pres...High-resolution shallow seismic methods are the most widely used geophysical methods in near surface characterization. However, in many cases interpreting the seismic images can be misleading. In this article, we present three case studies where results from P-wave seismic reflection, SH-wave seismic reflection, and multi-channel analysis of surface wave （MASW） surveys were incorrectly interpreted because of inadequate constraints on either the surveyed sites surface or subsurface conditions. A P-wave reflection survey feature was first interpreted as a shallow fault zone but it was later determined to result from a high level of background noise as the acquisition passed through a road intersection. A SH-wave seismic reflection survey feature was interpreted to be a reverse dip-slip fault but targeted drilling showed it was deep local erosion into the bedrock surface. Finally, in an MASW survey, a steeply dipping feature was first interpreted as a bedrock valley. However, later exploratory drilling showed the feature to be a shallow layer of very soft lake sediment that severely damped most of the applied surface wave frequency band. Although initial interpretations were incorrect, they stimulated discussions among geophysicists and geologists and underscored the need for meaningful cooperation and discourse between the scientists before, during, and after geophysical data acquisition.展开更多
Since 1949, Chinese scientists have successfully predicted occurrence of many major earthquakes, such as the Haicheng MT. 3 event in 1975 and the Asian Game Village shock of 1990. In recent 20 years, however, some sei...Since 1949, Chinese scientists have successfully predicted occurrence of many major earthquakes, such as the Haicheng MT. 3 event in 1975 and the Asian Game Village shock of 1990. In recent 20 years, however, some seis-mologists abroad have taken a disappointed and pessimistic view to earthquake prediction because of several failures. They suggest that the efforts should turn toward other fields, such as identification of building＇ s earthquake-proof capability, enhancement of house strength, and development of precise observational systems which will facilitate fast loca- ting of future major temblors and emergent relief on site. Such a pessimistic feeling has also influenced some Chinese researchers of the seismological community who attempted to give up efforts for earthquake prediction. Meanwhile other scientific workers are insisting in experiments and practices in this field and achieved some inspiring results. In this paper, we present several representative cases to illustrate that earthquakes are predictable under some conditions.展开更多
Based on the theory of Fuzzy Mathematics and Expert System, this paper presents the quantitative expression method of bedded and joint bearing rock mass quality "Stratum Quality Index"(SQI for short), and al...Based on the theory of Fuzzy Mathematics and Expert System, this paper presents the quantitative expression method of bedded and joint bearing rock mass quality "Stratum Quality Index"(SQI for short), and also introduces the successful application of the method in estimating stratum movement parameters.展开更多
基金sponsored by the Special Fund of the"Study on the Science and Technology R&D Program for Earthquake Prediction"of China Earthquake Administration
文摘As the basic problems in seismology, fluid, heat and energy distribution near earthquake sources during earthquake generation have been the leading subjects of concern to seismologists. Currently, more and more research shows fluid around earthquake source areas, which plays an important role in the process of earthquake preparation and generation. However, there is considerable controversy over the source of fluid in the deep crust. As for the problem of heat around earthquake source areas, different models have been proposed to explain the stress heat flow paradox. Among them, the dynamic weakening model has been thought to be the key to solving the heat flow paradox issue. After large earthquakes, energy distribution is directly related to friction heat. It is of timely and important practical significance to immediately implement deep drilling in-site surveying to gain understanding of fluid, friction heat and energy distribution during earthquake generation. The latest international progress in fluid, heat and energy distribution research has been reviewed in this paper which will bring important inspiration for the understanding of earthquake preparation and occurrence.
文摘In this paper,spatial correlation of crop yield in the middle and west of Jilin Province is analyzed by us-ing the method of geostatistics semivariogram,taking the NDVI of NOAA/AVHRR spectrum data as the regionalized vari-able,aiming to provide theory and practical basis for field sampling of crop yield estimation using remote sensing.The ratio of nugget variance and sill of semivariograms are 21.1% and 9.7% in the west and middle regions in Jilin Province respectively.This shows that the crop yields are spatially correlated.The degree and range of correlation are far different in the different situations.In the west test region,the range is 49.9 km and the sill is 0.00019.In the middle testre-gion,the range is 16.5 km and the sill is0.00453.The dissimilarity in the western test region is larger than that in the middle one.The range in which the correlation existed of the former is far larger than the later.Different character is tics of spatial correlation of crop yield are decided by the environmental factors.Samples for crop yield estimation should be extracted according to the characteristic of spatial distribution of crop yield to promote the efficiency of sampling.
文摘A considerable amount of tunnelling has been going on in India for various projects such as hydroelectric power, irrigation, roads and railways. Most of these projects are located in Himalayas, far away from the urban areas. Tunnelling through weak and jointed rock masses such as the one in the Himalayas is a challenging task for the planners, designers, engineers and geologists because of high overburden, thickly vegetated surface, weak, poor and fragile rocks and highly varying geology with the presence of numerous small and big shear zones, faults, etc. Due to these reasons, various tunnelling problems have been faced in the past and are still being encountered. Failures and the problems may be regarded as challenges and opportunities for generating new knowledge base and thereby increasing self-reliance in tunnelling. The experiences of Himalayan tunnelling through weak and fragile rocks covering varying and mixed geology, understanding on tunnelling in squeezing ground conditions and applicability of TBM in Himalayas are presented. It has also been highlighted that the probe holes planning, drilling and monitoring shall be followed seriously to reduce the geological surprises.
文摘Between 1850 and 1900, state geological surveys in the Midwest underwent an ideological shift by transforming from institutions based on applied science to those based on pure science. Three factors influenced this process： the acquisition of permanent status from state governments, the establishment of the USGS （United States Geological Survey）, and the increase in regional professional scientific societies and publications in the Midwest. These factors aided in the transformation of research projects by state geologists. These projects grew more focused, of higher quality, and increased in number during this time-period. State governments still expected Midwestern geological surveys to meet the practical needs of their respective states as this transformation continued, but surveys complemented these goals with projects more closely related to pure science. This shift encouraged the research goals of surveys to investigate projects more closely related to pure scientific pursuits, and significantly aided in the growth of the earth sciences in the nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century.
文摘Geologists can offer key insights in regard to several high profile environmental issues that are faced today. At the same time, like scientists in most other disciplines, many geologists are not naturally adept at communicating in an effective manner with non-geologists. This paper firstly identifies the more subtle facets of topical major issues （the drivers） where geologists can contribute important perspectives. Next, the detractions to effective communication are identified, along with the recommended means to overcome them （the mechanisms）. Many topical issues are in fact geologically-underpinned （e.g. obviously, geohazards）, so geologists ought to have something meaningful to say. By the same token, if geologists have difficulty communicating with other scientists, how can they possibly hope to communicate with journalists and with the public at large？ Proper scientific contextualization is an ideal starting point, but this fundamental framing step does not always suit protagonists who have non-scientific agendas. Thus, geologists not only have to convey their science （geology） in an understandable way, but to do so in a truly effective manner must recognize and take into account possible predispositions that their audience may have.
文摘This study consists to the detection of cavities that could be present over abandoned mines of Albania with the use of SP （self potential） and ERT （electrical resistance tomography）. In general, natural and artificial cavities represent an important investigation target in geotechnical, environmental and scientific studies. These studies could be engineering, archaeological or speleological. For the detection and localization of such cavities during the last 20 years, several geophysical studies have been used worldwide. In this field study, several geophysical methods could be used such as electrical, electromagnetic, gravimetric and seismic ones. Now days, the ground penetrating radar technique and ERT are widely used. Depending on geological formation conditions every used method is more or less effective. As a result of actual conditions of works on ore mines, the dynamic regime of the surroundings areas has undergone changes creating superficial cavities and funnels and as consequence the geological risk to the community is present. The detection of cavities is a challenge for geophysicists and in these cases the ambiguity on interpretation of geophysical data has to be solved properly. The simultaneous application of different geophysical methods and monitoring in time are necessary in order that the field data interpretation could be significant. Geophysical investigations were carried out as tests over galleries of ore mines of Albania. In this study, we present the SP and ERT results in two sites, in Dhrovjan and Perrenjas region. The effectiveness of the used geophysical methods was present.
文摘When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused by radioactive substances, With the aid of geologists, a model of a hypothetical area was elaborated and described with the use of geological and hydrogeological parameters. The volume of isotopes released out of the massif at the borderline of the near/far field from the DGR was determined. The paper results showed that ground water flow and transport of substances within the area were first to be determined. The Flow123D SW was used for the determination. The resulting outcome represents a determination of transported substances concentration depending on time. The disadvantage of the model is the fact that all the input parameters were set deterministically. The problem is solved by using the sensitivity analysis （changing the input parameters） or using the Monte Carlo Method. The major results are： calculations of the radionuclide concentrations in the elements depending on time and determination of parameters that have the biggest impact on the sensitivity of the whole model.
文摘High-resolution shallow seismic methods are the most widely used geophysical methods in near surface characterization. However, in many cases interpreting the seismic images can be misleading. In this article, we present three case studies where results from P-wave seismic reflection, SH-wave seismic reflection, and multi-channel analysis of surface wave （MASW） surveys were incorrectly interpreted because of inadequate constraints on either the surveyed sites surface or subsurface conditions. A P-wave reflection survey feature was first interpreted as a shallow fault zone but it was later determined to result from a high level of background noise as the acquisition passed through a road intersection. A SH-wave seismic reflection survey feature was interpreted to be a reverse dip-slip fault but targeted drilling showed it was deep local erosion into the bedrock surface. Finally, in an MASW survey, a steeply dipping feature was first interpreted as a bedrock valley. However, later exploratory drilling showed the feature to be a shallow layer of very soft lake sediment that severely damped most of the applied surface wave frequency band. Although initial interpretations were incorrect, they stimulated discussions among geophysicists and geologists and underscored the need for meaningful cooperation and discourse between the scientists before, during, and after geophysical data acquisition.
文摘Since 1949, Chinese scientists have successfully predicted occurrence of many major earthquakes, such as the Haicheng MT. 3 event in 1975 and the Asian Game Village shock of 1990. In recent 20 years, however, some seis-mologists abroad have taken a disappointed and pessimistic view to earthquake prediction because of several failures. They suggest that the efforts should turn toward other fields, such as identification of building＇ s earthquake-proof capability, enhancement of house strength, and development of precise observational systems which will facilitate fast loca- ting of future major temblors and emergent relief on site. Such a pessimistic feeling has also influenced some Chinese researchers of the seismological community who attempted to give up efforts for earthquake prediction. Meanwhile other scientific workers are insisting in experiments and practices in this field and achieved some inspiring results. In this paper, we present several representative cases to illustrate that earthquakes are predictable under some conditions.
文摘Based on the theory of Fuzzy Mathematics and Expert System, this paper presents the quantitative expression method of bedded and joint bearing rock mass quality "Stratum Quality Index"(SQI for short), and also introduces the successful application of the method in estimating stratum movement parameters.
