岩石受力红外与微波辐射变化机理及地应力遥感关键问题

地应力遥感是遥感科学的新范式,是打开地震遥感预测大门的金钥匙;岩石受力附加电磁辐射的产生机理、感知模型及定量分离是地应力遥感的理论基础。本文简要回顾了地震红外及微波遥感异常研究的历程,系统梳理了固体力学中电磁辐射实验观测的研究成果,包括材料应力与损伤的热像分析、岩石受力破裂过程的红外成像观测、红外波谱辐射观测及微波辐射观测。系统总结了岩石受力电磁辐射变化机理研究的代表性成果,包括矿物晶体压电效应、裂纹尖端放电效应、自由电子逃逸效应、孤立系统能量平衡等岩石物理机制;分析了岩石受力附加电磁辐射变化的量子力学机理,包括晶体原子振动能级跃迁及矿物分子转动能级跃迁;讨论了岩石介电常数变化效应、地表发射率变化效应等遥感物理机制。结合地应力变化驱动下的地球系统耦合现象,分析了地壳岩体电流激发效应、地下氡气逸出效应的原理与不足,总结提出了地球系统地震响应的多尺度性。最后,面向中国地球物理卫星重大计划,提出了地应力遥感亟待突破的三大关键问题,即地应力遥感卫星的波段优选与组合配置、构造活动及地震前兆的遥感识别与复合诊断、地应力响应现象的协同观测与智能分析。

Analysis of the Effects of Slope Geometry on the Dynamic Response of a Near-field Mountain from the Wenchuan Earthquake

Fourier spectra and acceleration response spectra of near-field acceleration records of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake have been calculated.Relative fundamental frequencies(or predominant periods) were characterized.Then,the natural frequencies of a range of slopes with different geometric characteristics,such as height,slope ratio,and pattern,were analyzed.The seismic responses of the slopes were compared,and the variability of seismic response with the above geometric elements was found.Results show that if slope height increases,and provided that other conditions are unchanged,the natural frequency of the first mode of a doublesurface slope will change as a power law.However,natural frequencies will diminish(based on a parabolic function) as the slope angle becomes large.Both the surface pattern and the number of surfaces on a slope can have a great impact on the seismic response of the slope.Moreover,within a certain range of slope heights or angles,either height or angle will also greatly influence the variability of the seismic response.The results of this research will be helpful to understanding seismic dynamic response features and explaining the ways that slope stability can be affected by earthquakes.

Influence of excavation beneath existing building on dynamic impedances of underpinning pile considering stress history

The addition of basement beneath existing building changes the underpinning pile from fully embedded to partially embedded,and thus influences the mechanical properties of pile.In the past,scholars paid attention to the change in the bearing capacity of pile but neglected the difference of dynamic characteristics before and after construction,and potential changes in stress history of remaining soil are also ignored.In this work,a calculation model is built to investigate the influence of excavation on dynamic impedance of underpinning pile considering the effect of stress history.The soil is simulated by the dynamic Winkler foundation,which is characterized by springs and dashpots.Properties of remaining soil after excavation are updated to consider the effect of stress history through modifying the initial shear modulus and related parameters.The dynamic impedance of pile after excavation is obtained based on the transfer matrix method.The parameter study is carried out to evaluate the dynamic impedance with various excavation depths,considering or ignoring stress history effect,and various element lengths.The results show that shallow soil plays an important role to dynamic impedance,and overestimated dynamic impedance is obtained if not considering the stress history effect.

Fundamental Characteristics of Reduction System for Seismic Response using Friction Force

A new device of reduction for seismic response using friction force was developed. In this paper, fundamental characteristics of reduction system for seismic response using this device were investigated by excitation experiment using artificial seismic waves. The peak acceleration amplitude on this system has decreased to about 50-90% over the input waves. Although a spectral peak around the frequency of 0.5Hz that is the natural period of this system was identified, the value of a spectral peak was decreased using bearings with the high friction force. This device is useful for reduction of seismic response.

Three Dimension Finite Element Analysis of the Influence Factors of Stress Responses in the Roadbed and Ground under a Moving Load

Focusing on the vibration of the roadbed and ground induced by high-speed train load, a three dimensional finite element model which includes the roadbed and horizontal layered site is established to study how the site conditions, the load moving speed and the depth of the soil element influence the soil element stress response. Based on a track-subsoil analytical model in which the rail is simulated as an Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on Winkler foundation in the vertical plane, the reaction force between the sleeper and roadbed excited by a single axle is presented, and then that is exerted on relevant elements to simulate the moving load. The dynamic response in the roadbed and subsoil excited by a single axle moving load is computed based on the parallel computing platform of the ABAQUS finite element software, and the stress time-history, stress path and curves of the principal stress axes rotation of the soil element under the track are presented. The results show that： the soil element stress path is an apple-shaped curve in the horizontal shear stress τd versus the stress difference （σsh - σch ）/2 coordinate system; the principal stress axes rotate 180° for the soil element under the load moving line during the load running, and the stress state changes from the pure shear to triaxial shear and then back to the pure shear again. The element dynamic stress increases as the moving load speed increases, which increases sharply when the load speed approaches the Rayleigh wave velocity of soil layer; the site conditions and the soil element depth affect the soil element stress path significantly.