交互式数字地形合成算法

针对当前手工建模费时费力和自动算法难以调整合成结果的问题,提出一种基于示意图的交互式地形合成算法.通过使用用户绘制的示意图来解决地形特征的精确放置问题,并利用控制参数来调整合成地形的细节,在自动化和控制性上达到了较好的平衡.实验结果表明,该算法能快速生成地形,且可以方便地对生成的结果进行调整;即使是缺乏专业建模技能的用户也能使用该算法生成满意的地形,对于地形建模从手工到自动化的转变具有一定的促进意义.

基于特征草图和分形插值的可控真实感地形合成

三维地形在各种虚拟室外场景设计与制作中有着广泛的应用,为实现地形合成结果的可预测性和可控制性,提出一种基于特征草图绘制和独立山体拼合的真实感地形合成算法。首先在四叉树结构细分下借助改进的分形插值方法生成多个不同形状和地表特征的独立山体;然后,在用户绘制的期望地形特征曲线的控制下将一定数量的独立山体自然拼合生成最终的三维地形模型。实验结果表明,算法不仅能有效控制地形合成结果,同时支持多种类型的真实感虚拟地形的合成。

山脉图像轮廓线引导的三维虚拟地形合成

三维地形在构建各种虚拟室外场景中具有重要的作用,而现有地形合成算法存在合成结果不可预期、合成过程人工参与较多等不足.为此,提出一种直观便捷且自动化的真实感三维地形合成算法.首先从用户给定的一幅二维图像中提取真实地形山脉轮廓线;然后借助卷积神经网络模型预测每一条轮廓线的深度,并根据深度和二维图像成像逆过程将轮廓线映射到三维空间;最后以三维空间中的轮廓线为地形的全局特征草图,以具有局部细节特征的地形块为基本元素,通过块拼接、融合、高程匹配等操作合成三维地形.实验结果表明,该算法能够在真实地形山脉轮廓线的约束下自动化地合成结果可预期的真实感三维地形.

基于单样本的大场景地形高度图合成系统设计与实现

随着数字化地形的发展,合成自定义地形的需求变得越来越广泛。文章研究了前人基于样本合成地形的方法并进行改进,设计并实现了基于单样本的大场景地形高度图合成系统。该系统分为图像显示、地形骨架特征提取、用户示意图骨架构建、地形高度图合成以及地形高度图三维可视化五个模块,可实现提取地形图的山脊骨架特征、提取用户图骨架特征以及基于样本地形图合成地形高度图,并可渲染地形高度图生成三维模型。最后通过实验表明,本文设计的基于单样本的大场景地形高度图可有效的合成基于真实地形样本且符合用户特征期望的地形高度图,且系统运行效果良好。

利用小波进行多尺度地形生成方法的研究

针对随机中点位移法难以生成符合ｆＢｍ特征的三维地形之缺点，本文把地形看成层次性随机统计过程，提出了利用小波进行多尺度地形生成的新方法，首先利用扩展的随机－相关法按给定的地形参数（均值、地形高程标准差、地形相关长度、地形粗糙度等）形成一定数量用来表示地形骨架的地形特征点，然后与通过小波机制产生的多尺度地形局部细节信号相综合，通过小波多尺度合成获得符合要求的具有任意细节水平的“真实”的三维地形。试验证明这一方法切实可行。

大规模虚拟地形的图像径向权混合生成算法

结合图像处理技术和径向权混合方法,提出一种基于图像集的大规模虚拟地形自动生成算法。该算法首先由多幅图像色彩数据生成标准化地形拼接块模型,并通过滤波处理消除地形块内部的跳变现象;借助定义在地形块上的有限支撑径向权函数,对毗邻地形块的子块进行加权混合处理,实现了地形块的无缝拼接平滑过渡。该算法支持相关参数的交互式调整,使用户能够对地形的形状和平滑程度等进行有效控制。实验结果表明:该算法可以自动、快速、高效地生成满足不同形状和规模要求的虚拟地形模型。

基于方位FNCS的斜视TOPS SAR成像方法

针对斜视循序扫描地形观测(terrain observation by progressive scans,TOPS)合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)模式,提出了一种新的全孔径成像处理方法。首先对距离走动校正后的数据进行方位预处理得到无模糊的二维频谱,在此基础上采用修正的线频调变标算法完成距离脉压及距离徙动校正;然后在距离多普勒域进行频域非线性变标(frequency nonlinear chirp scaling,FNCS)以校正调频率的空变性,并结合谱分析(spectral analysis,SPECAN)技术将信号聚焦在方位频率域,最后校正几何形变。仿真和实测数据处理结果验证了算法的有效性。

Effects of Co_3O_4 nanocatalyst morphology on CO oxidation:Synthesis process map and catalytic activity

This study focuses on drawing a hydrothermal synthesis process map for Co3O4 nanoparticles with various morphologies and investigating the effects of Co3O4 nanocatalyst morphology on CO oxidation.A series of cobalt-hydroxide-carbonate nanoparticles with various morphologies（i.e.,nanorods,nanosheets,and nanocubes） were successfully synthesized,and Co3O4 nanoparticles were obtained by thermal decomposition of the cobalt-hydroxide-carbonate precursors.The results suggest that the cobalt source is a key factor for controlling the morphology of cobalt-hydroxide-carbonate at relatively low hydrothermal temperatures（≤ 140℃）.Nanorods can be synthesized in CoCl2 solution,while Co（NO3）2 solution promotes the formation of nanosheets.Further increasing the synthesis temperature（higher than 140 ℃） results in the formation of nanocubes in either Co（NO3）2 or CoCl2 solution.The reaction time only affects the size of the obtained nanoparticles.The presence of CTAB could improve the uniformity and dispersion of particles.Co3O4 nanosheets showed much higher catalytic activity for CO oxidation than nanorods and nanocubes because it has more abundant Co^（3＋） on the surface,much higher reducibility,and better oxygen desorption capacity.

Surface borehole synthesis tension deformation fracture time-space rule

In order to release the tension and shear effect of the superjacent rock strata movement during excavation in coal mine,protect the surface borehole case from fracturing fast and make a good use of the surface borehole during goaf methane drawing,a common synthesis tension deformation fracture model was set up based on the synthesis tension effect of the rock strata,and the deformation rule of the surface borehole case with time and space was researched.The results suggest that,to reduce the deformation the surface borehole should be built between the boundary of the stope and the knee of subsidence curve.At the same time,a 3DEC simulation model and an engineering example were carried out to examine the rules of theoretical model.The result suggests that the model and the rules accord to the test and have good building and protection engineering application values to the surface borehole.

Two-sided Long Baseline Radargrammetry from Ascending Descending Orbits with Application to Mapping Post-seismic Topography in the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

One-sided ascending or descending Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR） stereoradargrammetry has limited accuracy of topographic mapping due to the short spatial baseline（-100 km） and small intersection angle. In order to improve the performance and reliability of generating digital elevation model（DEM） from spaceborne SAR radargrammetry, an exploration of two-sided stereoradargrammetry from the combination of ascending and descending orbits with geometric configuration of long spatial baseline（-1000 km） was conducted in this study. The slant-range geometry between SAR sensors to the earth surface and the Doppler positioning equations were employed to establish the stereoscopic intersection model. The measurement uncertainty of two-sided radargrammetric elevation was estimated on the basis of radar parallax of homogeneous points between input SAR images. Two stereo-pairs of ALOS/PALSAR（Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquisitions with the orbital separation almost 1080 km over the west Sichuan foreland basin with rolling topography in southwestern China were employed in the study to obtain the up-to-date terrain data after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake that hit this area. Thequantitative accuracy assessment of two-sided radargrammetric DEM was performed with reference to field GPS observations. The experimental results show that the elevation accuracy reaches 5.5 m without ground control points（GCPs） used, and the accuracy is further improved to 1.5 m with only one GPS GCP used as the least constraint. The theoretical analysis and testing results demonstrate that the twosided long baseline SAR radargrammetry from the ascending and descending orbits can be a very promising technical alternative for large-area and high accuracy topographic mapping.

Tectonic evolution of the Changling fault basin and its relationship to oil and gas accumulation

The Changling fault depression passed through three stages of evolution: a period of faulting, a period of subsidence, and an inversion period. The fault lifted the whole area and the formation was eroded during the late Yingcheng formation, the late Nenjiang formation, and the late Mingshui formation. The denudation quantity of eight wells located in the study area is estimated by the interval transit time method and by the formation trend extension method using seismic and drilling data. Inversion back stripping technology with de-compaction correction was used to restore the original sedimentary thickness step by step and to recover the burial history at a single well. Two profiles were selected for the recovery and study of the tectonic evolution. The study confirmed that the primary major gas bearing structure formed due to thermal shrinkage lifting during the late Yingcheng formation. Successive development in a pattern during the late Mingshui formation led to the formation of the primary gas pool. Vertical differential uplift during the late Nenjiang formation formed the Fulongquan structure during the late Paleogene. At this same time a secondary gas pool formed. A large scale reverse developed late in the Mingshui formation that provided the impetus for formation of a secondary gas pool. It is thought that the migration and accumulation of oil and gas was controlled by lithologic character, fracture, and structure. The local uplift in the vicinity of the hydrocarbon recession is most conducive to the collection of hydrocarbon gas.