面向地形类型区分的地表粗糙度算法比较研究

【目的】以地形类型辨识和区分为目的,对比分析不同粗糙度算法的优缺点,为定量描述地形形态、划分地形类型提供新思路。【方法】基于SRTM3高程数据,使用常见的11种地表粗糙度算法(坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度、坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值、二维变异性)提取研究区的地表粗糙度,从空间格局特征和统计分布特征两方面对提取结果进行对比,并利用典型断面和频率曲线分析方法探讨各算法区分研究区地形类型的能力。【结果】坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度和绝对坡度6种算法所得地表粗糙度的空间格局特征与统计分布特征极其相似,且能有效区分研究区的地形类型。坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值和二维变异性5种算法难以表达研究区地表粗糙度的宏观变异,不能有效区分研究区的地形类型。【结论】基于高程空间变异的坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度6种算法是表达地表粗糙程度和区分地形类型的较佳算法。

临汾市自然村名与地形类型

地名是某一地区或地点的文化符号,是一种社会文化现象,它积淀了丰富的历史文化内容,因此地名命名自然而然的烙上了区域自然和文化方面的印记.从地理学角度上来说,地名是文化的传承,所以地名在一定程度上能够反映出一个地区的自然环境和人文环境.本文以山西省临汾市下辖2个县级市,15个县为研究对象,运用了文献法、统计法、分类法、综合分析法等研究方法,从地形方面对地名进行分析、归纳、总结,揭示出自然村的命名与当地自然地理环境的密切关系,从而为当地的农业发展,经济发展及人地关系的和谐发展提供理论依据.

有关等高线地形图考点分析

地球上不同地方的海拔不尽相同,高低起伏,主要有平原、丘陵、山地、高原、盆地地形。那么如何用地图准确地表示这些高低起伏的地形呢?等高线是地图上高程相等的各点所连成的线。这就需要我们用等高线地形图来表示这些高低起伏的地形。大部分试题在考查地形类型的时候都会以等高线地形图为切入点。

有关等高线地形图试题的解答

等高线地形图,是地理试题中比较常见的地图类型。等高线地形图可以将高低不同的立体地貌通过平面图形展示出来。因此,我们要学会如何判读等高线地形图,掌握判读地形类型的方法。我们还可以根据等高线地形图绘制出地形剖面图,以更好地掌握图中的信息,提高地图判读的能力。

江西省白血病与地形地貌类型的关系

通过对地形地貌资料4502个数据，白血病死亡调查资料2239例，研究了白血病死亡率与人群生存区的地形地貌类型（山区、丘陵、岗地、平原）的相关性。结果表明，山区、岗地、平原与白血病死亡率有明显的相关性，等级相关系数分别为-0．1963（P＜0．05），0．2925（P＜0．0025），0．3122（P＜0．0025）。

福建省地形组合特征分类研究

本研究通过基础数据处理、空间统计分析、统计单元归类、类型特征描述等过程,以乡镇为单位对福建省地形特征进行了分析与描述,总结出8种地形综合分类中的高程、地貌、坡度的分布和变化特点。

珠三角居住区4种地形的园林植物景观营造探析

以珠三角地区12个居住区的12个景观单元为研究单位,通过调研地形高差园林植物景观的植物组成和地形高差的常见类型,分析与评价4种地形高差园林植物景观的植物配置与应用情况,论证地形高差与园林植物要素的密切关系。植物和地形的空间形成具有互补性,植物是稳定地形最有效的方法,植物可软化地形,为珠三角地区生态园林景观营造提供参考。

汾河谷地大气环境容量与大气污染过程的数值模拟与敏感性分析

对汾河谷地及太原市在2015年1月的一次重污染过程运用WRF-Chem模式进行污染过程的数值模拟、观测验证和地形敏感性实验,分析了河谷地形对区域污染过程和大气环境容量的影响机制。结果表明:太原市及周边汾河谷地大气边界层环流和大气污染传输受天气系统、地形和城市化共同影响;地形环流强度明显强于太原城市热岛环流,且对其发展存在明显抑制作用,从而限制了城市大气环境容量,加剧城市近地面大气污染物的堆积和空气质量恶化;研究区域大气环境容量受气象主导风向影响:当天气主导风向偏南北向,也即与狭长的汾河谷地走向一致时,有利于该区域大气污染物的扩散清除,而当天气主导风向偏东西向时,则该区域大气环境容量明显减小,且近地面大气污染物浓度与大气环境容量之间呈强相关性,相关系数达到0.74;当地形敏感组实验中取消太原市周边河谷地形特征时,上述相关系数降低到0.21。

高中地理与地形有关概念的辨析

在高中地理教学过程中,我们经常接 触到许多与地形有关的概念’如:地形、地形类型、 地形区、地势、地貌、地表崎岖程度等。大多数学生 对这些概念多有疑惑,作者在木文中对这些概念逐 一做出辨析,具体内容包括:一、地形及地表形态。二、地貌。三、地形类型。四、地形区。五、地势。六、地表崎岖程度。另外,作者在木文中对与地形 相关同时容易混淆的概念进行详细解析,并对一些 具有争议性的问题提出自己独到的见解。

高中地理与地形有关概念的辨析

在高中地理教学过程中,我们经常接触到许多与地形有关的概念,如:地形、地形类型、地形区、地势、地貌、地表崎岖程度等。大多数学生对这些概念多有疑惑,作者在本文中对这些概念逐一做出辨析,具体内容包括:一、地形及地表形态。二、地貌。三、地形类型。四、地形区。五、地势。六、地表崎岖程度。另外,作者在本文中对与地形相关同时容易混淆的概念进行详细解析,并对一些具有争议性的问题提出自己独到的见解。

如何巧建地理知识结构图示

五种地形类型是中学地理的基础内容。教材中是以五种地形类型基本特点的文字描述，再叠加地理素描图像的形象辅助作为呈现形式的。教师照本宣科式的讲解过程决定了学生的学习方式——孤立地、机械地识记上述概念。而下面这段教师与学生的对话则反映了一种良好的教与学的趋势——在教师的启发下，学生学会自己总结、归纳知识网络。

认识我国的构造分区

我国位于亚欧大陆东部,太平洋的西岸,是一个沿海国家。我国东西南北跨度极大,国土面积辽阔,是一个地形地貌十分复杂多样的国家,拥有几乎所有的地形类型,平原、丘陵、高原、盆地和山地等在我国都有大面积的分布。从板块构造学说的角度来看,我国地处亚欧板块、印度洋板块和太平洋板块这三大板块的消亡边界附近,板块之间的碰撞挤压,对于我国宏观地形的形成有着重要的影响。

基于一种插值算法绘制等高线的研究与应用

根据等高线地形图反应出来的地形类型、地势起伏、坡度陡缓、阳坡、阴坡等特征可以用于道路选址、油、气、水管线铺设,水库选址等。据此,提出了一种快速绘制等高线的插值算法,用于绘制生成等高线地形图。

错误,同样美丽

一 如果一道地理问题，班级中大部分学生都解决得不那么好，我们将如何面对？ 2009年12月20，我给所带的高三（4）班和高三（1）班的学生布置了如下一道问题。

Accuracy assessment of ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates:A case study in Spain

The Ice,Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2(ICESat-2),a new spaceborne light detection and ranging(LiDAR)system,was successfully launched on September 15,2018.The ICESat-2 data increase the types of spaceborne LiDAR data archive and provide new control point data for large-scale topographic mapping and geodetic surveying.However,the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates has not been fully evaluated on a large scale and in complex terrain conditions.This article aims to quantitatively assess the accuracy of ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates.Firstly,the ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates were compared with the high-precision airborne LiDAR digital terrain model(DTM),and impacts of acquisition time,vegetation cover type,terrain slope,and season change on the terrain estimation accuracy were analyzed.We get the following conclusions from the analysis:1)the mean and RMSE of the terrain estimates of day acquisitions are 0.22 m and 0.59 m higher than that of night acquisitions;2)the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates acquired in vegetated areas is lower than those in non-vegetated areas;3)the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates is inversely proportional to the slope,and the elevation error increases significantly when the terrain slope is larger than 30°;4)in the non-vegetation covered area,the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates of summer and winter acquisitions has no obvious discrepancy,but in vegetated area,the accuracy of winter acquisitions is significantly better than that of summer acquisitions.This research provides references for the selection and application of ICESat-2 data.

关于开发张家口旅游业的研究与思考

张家口是个农业大市,贫困面大,贫困人口多。这份特殊的历史遗产注定了张家口一定要有适合自己特色的优势产业,找准自己的经济增长点。把旅游业培育成国民经济新的增长点,这是张家口市委、市政府按照优势思路作出的有战略意义的决策。张家口旅游业虽然起步较晚,但发展态势却是喜人的。据初步统计,1998年全市共接待国外游客1820人,国内游客100.32万人次,并初步形成了有地方特色、有吸引力的生态旅游体系。

罗北七问王子耕与王灏关于润建筑“绍兴桂园新村社区改造项目”的对谈

提问者与回答者双方就罗北设计策略、废墟象征意义、门洞的园林化隐喻以及水系背后的思考等各种层面进行了深度交流。双方对废墟的文学性以及现场大量的偶然性细节进行了辨析.并注意到罗北的某种园林化倾向。双方都认为水渠作为一种景观元素在现场被提升到了一种精神象征物的高度。作为思维的核心.设计者提到.在历史遗留物上如何注入生长性基础结构.去重思并建构一种"新"的新陈代谢。

Effects of topography and vegetation on distribution of rare earth elements in calcareous soils

This study investigated the impact of topography and vegetation on distribution of rare earth elements(REEs)in calcareous soils using methods of single extraction and mass balance calculation. The purposes of the study were to set a basis for further research on the biogeochemical REE cycle and to provide references for soil–water conservation and REE-containing fertilizer amendments. The results show a generally flat Post-Archean Average Australian Shale—normalized REE pattern for the studied calcareous soils. REE enrichment varied widely. The proportion of acidsoluble phases of heavy REEs was higher than that of light REEs. From top to bottom of the studied hills, dominant REE sources transitioned from limestone in-situ weathering to input from REE-containing phases(e.g., clay minerals,amorphous iron, REE-containing fluids). Our results indicate that the REE content of calcareous soils is mainly controlled by slope aspect, while the enrichment degree of REEs is related to geomorphological position and vegetation type.Furthermore, the proportion of acid-soluble phases of REEs is mainly controlled by geomorphological position.

Soil Aggregates and Fractal Features under Different Land Use Types in a Frequent Debris Flow Area

The stability of soil aggregates and the fractal characteristics of four typical land use types(farmland,grassland,woodland,and bare land) in the Jiangjiagou Ravine(Yunnan,China),a frequent debris flow occurring area,were studied according to the normal mean mass diameter and fractal theory.The present research showed that the stability of the soil aggregates was different for the different land use types.When the soil depth was 0-30 cm,farmland soil formed more aggregates with diameters greater than 0.25 mm,i.e.,the farmland soil was more stable than that of the other three land uses.When the soil depth was 30-45 cm,the order of stability of the soil aggregates was woodland > grassland > farmland > bare land.The fractal dimensions had a significant linear positive correlation with the amount of soil particles with diameters of <0.25 mm,and a significant negative linear correlation with the amount of soil particles with diameters of 0.25-0.5 mm,0.5-1 mm and 1-2 mm.Smaller fractal dimensions of the soil particles correlated with more stable soil aggregates.The fractal dimensions had a positive linear correlation with the soil bulk density and a negative correlation with the concentration of organic matter.These results showed that soil aggregates can be used as a parameter for characterizing the soil structures and properties.According to these results,the soil particle fractal dimensions could not only objectively characterize the stability of the soil structure but also could be used to indicate soil structure and properties.In addition,these results have great significance for the discussion of the comprehensive evaluation of soil.

Trends of the Transformation of Urban Form in Arab Cities with Specific Reference to AI-Khobar

The paper analyzes the current trends of urban transformation and delineates an underlying rationale which enables the comprehension of the current character of Arab city with particular reference to Al-Khobar. The city form is subjected to a re-reading arguments of which are based on critical interpretation of the mechaitisms of urban morphology in relation not only to the impacts of global economy and building boom but also to the means of perception of urban space by different strata of the urban realm. Thus, urban morphology of the city is studied as a medium which manifests a dissociation, and thus duality, between social structure and its physical container. The paper further argues that uncritical import of urban and architectural typologies seem to create a peculiar type of urban-architectural forgery that is usually reduced to skin-deep facade mimicry. Particularly, solo performances of shiny high-rise buildings and sharp contrasts of street fronts between main arteries and back streets depict impressions of fragmentation and segregation. The emerging urban-scape that can be associated with the cultural and economic leap in Arab regions today is critically evaluated. Thus, the paper proposes judicious and critical planning policy instead of direct import of global urban-architectural typologies.