《死者年鉴》中的后现代地方观

美国当代印第安女作家莱斯利·马蒙·希尔克在其最具争议性的作品《死者年鉴》中表现出一种后现代的地方观,这种地方观强调"地方"的建构性,尤其是"地方"作为抵抗的场所以及"地方"应该打破边界的禁锢。希尔克在《死者年鉴》中揭露了不同的权力力量如何作用于美国国家的建构过程,作为印第安人,她特别关注自己的族人如何通过抵抗压迫书写反殖民的历史。她在小说中还呼吁人们应该解放地方,让地方不再受边界的约束,从而建立一个人与自然、人与人和睦相处的世界,这也是后现代地方观的理想。

“天圆地方”观探源

“天圆地方”观是我国历史上产生年代最早的一种天地结构学说。不少人认为该学说源自古人对天地形状的直观感觉,但又解释不通“大地为何不能给人以方形感觉”的问题。本文以文献资料和考古资料为据,指出“天圆地方”观应该源自古人对“天动地静”现象的理性思考。

论宋教仁的国家结构观和地方制度观

自武昌起义至被刺身亡,宋教仁的国家结构观和地方制度观经历了二次转变。1911年10月至1911年12月,宋教仁主张建立联邦制国家结构,1912年1月至8月,宋教仁改变立场,主张采用单一制国家结构形式,实行中央集权,1912年8月至1913年3月,则又逐渐趋向于单一制国家结构形式和地方分权。宋教仁每次转变,都有复杂的背景和深刻的根源。

论井上毅的地方自治观

井上毅作为明治时期最著名的法制官僚,对明治国家的法制建设起到了不可估量的作用。不仅如此,对地方制度问题也不断提出建言,对明治地方制度的建设以很重要的影响。井上早年留学欧洲,倾向于日本学习法国的地方制度,主张在日本的町村一级实行地方自治制度,在府县一级实行行政制度,与主张完全照搬德国,在府县、郡和町村三级都实行地方自治的山县有朋形成了对立。最后井上虽然没有掌握制定地方自治制度的主导权,但对日本近代地方制度的影响还是不容忽视的。而且值得强调的是,二者的地方自治观虽不相同,但在维护天皇制这一目标上却殊途同归。

德国对日本近代地方自治的影响——以格奈斯特、莫塞和山县有朋的地方自治观为中心

日本近代地方自治制度是以德国、主要是普鲁士为模本建立的,那么德国究竟对日本近代地方自治产生了怎样的影响?本文主要通过对德国著名宪法与行政学者格奈斯特及其学生、协助日本近代地方自治立法的莫塞,以及日本近代"地方自治之父"山县有朋的地方自治观进行考察,分析其共同点与差异,从而总结出德国对日本近代地方自治的影响及日本近代地方自治的特点。

地方理论导向下的城市区位论

地方理论(Place Theory)强调从地方性建构和地方感生产视角来分析人地关系,并解构城市空间环境的构成。地方理论的出现代表着空间研究由"物质主义"转向了"物质与文化并重"的研究,其本质在于从人本主义视角探究不同空间要素的区位价值和区位重构关系,尤其关注人居环境视角下的社会资源的公正配置与规划,从而响应不同的区位价值,满足人的区位尊严需求。以地方理论为本体理论,探究地方理论导向下的区位价值内涵与构成、区位价值取向及区位尊严规划的原理构成等,从而实现对地方理论导向下的城市区位论的崭新思考。

领导干部行使权力应处理好的几对矛盾

领导干部在行使权力时,应该正确处理好权力的公利观与自利观、权力的全局观与地方观、权力的有限观与无限观、权力的正义观与经济观、权力的透明观与神秘观等矛盾之间的关系。

政府审计维护财政安全的实证研究--基于省级面板数据的经验证据

如何有效地维护国家财政安全正越来越成为世界各国共同关注的重要命题,政府审计作为国家治理体系中监督控制系统的重要组成部分,理应在维护国家财政安全方面发挥重要的作用。地方政府财政安全是国家财政安全的基础,政府审计同样可以发挥作用。基于审计的经济控制论和国家治理"免疫系统"观,本文认为"免疫系统"观下政府审计具备的揭示功能、抵御功能和预防功能可以有效地维护地方政府财政安全。实证结果表明,政府审计的揭示功能和抵御功能已经得到有效的发挥,可以显著地提高地方政府财政安全程度,而维护地方政府财政安全的预防功能暂时还未充分显示出来,需要进一步加强。

Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China——Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province

Agricultural village is an important rural type in China. The evolution process and mechanism of its cultural landscape are different from those of the industrialized village. The paper focuses this theme by a case study of Qianzhai Village of Qufu City, Shangdong Province. In the case of Qianzhai Village, the evolution of its settlement has experienced three stages: mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion and hollowing, and recentralization. The land- scape evolution of residents' houses has undergone three phases: traditional quadrangle house, one-storied house and multistoried house. The evolution of its land use has experienced three stages: circled stratification, fragment and intensive use, and concentration and extensive use. We can see that the main driving factors of cultural landscape evolu- tion of agricultural village are the changes of rural population, society, economy and culture, which are influenced by the change of urban-rural relation, the national modernization process and economic development, the reform of family planning and land system, and the changes in governmental policies. In the future, the modernization, ecological trend, and individualization for residents' houses of agricultural villages in China will develop step by step. The recentralization of settlement and the scaled, sustainable, intensive land use are likely to be the trends of agricultural villages in China.

伊斯兰教苏菲派的“听”术和“毛拉舞”

正统的伊斯兰教,原是将舞蹈、音乐与酗酒、赌博相提并论的.“圣训”中提到舞蹈和音乐是诱惑人的魔鬼、令人生邪欲的工具,因而正统伊斯兰教艺术中绝少舞蹈和音乐.但作为伊斯兰教少数派的苏菲派独树一帜,其宗教仪式中包含“听”术和“旋转的舞蹈”,融宗教与艺术为一体,内涵深邃,体现了苏菲派的教义和审美情趣.

Study on the applicability of frequency spectrum of micro-tremor and dynamic characteristics of surface ground in Asia area

The dynamic characteristics of ground soil using micro-tremor observation in Asia (Zushi and Ogasawara (Japan), Xi’an (China), Manila (Philippines), and Gujarat (India)) are studied. Ground micro-tremor signals were observed and analyzed by fast Fourier transform method (FFT). The response of ground soil to frequency of ground micro-tremor is revealed, and func- tions with frequency-dependence and frequency-selection of micro-tremor for different foundation soil strata are also researched. The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (H/V, Nakamura technique) of micro-tremor observed at the surface ground was used to evaluate the site’s predominant period. This paper also discusses the application of micro-tremor on site safety evaluation, and gives the observed calculation results obtained at multiple points. The experimental foundation and the deduction process of the method are described in detail. Some problems of the method are pointed out. Potential use of the technique’s good expandable nature makes it a useable means for preventing and reducing disaster’s harmful effects.

Characteristics of the Zhengzhou Laoyachen Fault Revealed by Seismic Exploration Data

Exploration and research of fault activities are the fundamentals of earthquake prediction and prevention and disaster reduction. In order to determine the location, characteristics and activities of the Zhengzhon-Laoyachen fault, shallow seismic prospecting with different exploration depth across the Laoyachen fault was carried out in the northern suburbs of Zhengzhou city in 2006. The images of the subterranean structure and tectonics at depths of 30m- 6000m have been available by applying the combined methods of explosive seismic sources and vibrator seismic sources, as well as the combination of diverse observation systems with different parameters. The outcome indicates that the Laoyachen fault is a normal fault running NW and dipping NE, which offsets stratums ahead of Neogene （N）. However, no fault displacements are found in the interior stratums of Q ＋ N.

A Neural Network Method for Monitoring Snowstorm: A Case Study in Southern China

It has been observed that low temperature, rainfall, snowfall, frost have never occurred over the past 50 years in the southern China, and weather in this area is very complex, so the monitoring equipments are few. Optical and thermal infrared remote sensing is influenced much by clouds, so the passive microwave Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System （AMSR-E） data are the best choice to monitor and analyze the development of disaster. In order to improve estimation accuracy, the dynamic learn- ing neural network was used to retrieve snow depth. The difference of brightness temperatures of TB18.7v and TB36.sv, TBI8.7H and TB36.sH, TB23,sv and TB89v, TBz3.8H and TB89H are made as four main input nodes and the snow depth is the only one output node of neural network. The mean and the standard deviation of retrieval errors are about 4.8 cm and 6.7 cm relative to the test data of ground measurements. The application analysis indicated that the neural network can be utilized to monitor the change of snow intensity distribution through passive microwave data in the complex weather of the southern China.

An Overview of the Study on Stress Magnitude

Crustal stress field holds an important position in geodynamics research, such as in plate motion simulations, uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and earthquake preparation and occurrence. However, most of the crustal stress studies emphasize particularly on the determination of stress direction, with little study being done on stress magnitude at present. After reviewing ideas on a stress magnitude study from geological, geophysical and various other aspects, a method to estimate the stress magnitude in the source region according to the deflection of stress direction before and after large earthquakes and the stress drop tensor of earthquake rupture has been developed. The proposed method can also be supplemented by the average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes. The stress direction deflection before and after large earthquakes can be inverted by massive focal mechanisms of foreshocks and aftershocks and the stress drop field generated by the seismic source can be calculated by the detailed distribution of the earthquakes rupture. The mathematical relationship can then be constructed between the stress drop field, where its magnitude and direction are known and the stress tensor before and after large earthquakes, where its direction is known but magnitude is unknown, thereby obtaining the stress magnitude. The average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes can be obtained by using the catalog of broadband radiated energy and seismic moment tensor of foreshocks and aftershocks and the different responses to stress drops. This relationship leads to another estimation of stress magnitude before a large earthquake. The stress magnitude and its error are constrained by combining the two methods, which provide new constraints for the geodynamics study.

Comparisons on RIEMS2.0's Ability to Simulate Multi-Year Mean Climate in Northern China with Two Model Domains

Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0) is now being developed by the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In order to test the sensitivity of the RIEMS2.0 model domain to simulate long-term climate and its change, and provide a basis for the further development and application of the model, the authors compared results between simulated and observed precipitation and surface-airtemperature using two model domains under different cumulus parameterization schemes. The model was driven by NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data with a simulation duration ranging from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2007. There were no significant differences found in the spatial distributions of the simulated precipitation and surface-air-temperature, or interannual variations between the two model domains. There were, however, differences observed between the two model domain simulations of local sub-regions. The smaller model domain more accurately simulated precipitation, especially in summer (June, July, and August), and decreased the bias of surface-airtemperature, especially in winter (December, January, and February). The weak summer and winter monsoons simulated by the smaller model domain was a result of boundary forcings and may partially account for the improvements of this model.

Combining Spectral with Texture Features into Objectoriented Classification in Mountainous Terrain Using Advanced Land Observing Satellite Image

Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains. This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS （Advanced Land Observing Satellite） in mountainous terrain. Mountainous terrain mapping using ALOS image faces numerous challenges. These include spectral confusion with other land cover features, topographic effects on spectral signatures （such as shadow）. At first, topographic radiometric correction was carried out to remove the illumination effects of topography. In addition to spectral features, texture features were used to assist classification in this paper. And texture features extracted based on GLCM （Gray Level Co- occurrence Matrix） were not only used for segmentation, but also used for building rules. The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification （MLC）. Results showed that the object-oriented method integrating spectral and texture features has achieved overall accuracy of 85.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.824, which is 13.48% and o.145 respectively higher than that got by MLC method. It indicated that texture features can significantly improve overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, and the classification precision of existing spectrum confusion features. Object-oriented method Integrating spectral and texture features is suitable for land use extraction of ALOS image in mountainous terrain.

Response Difference and Related Discussion of Digital Fluid Records of the Beijing Wuliying Well before Strong Earthquakes

In this paper, the precursor response characteristics of digital fluid caused by the Wenchuan M8.0 and Yushu M7.1 earthquakes are studied, and the response difference of the observations of Wuliying well to the two strong earthquakes is compared. The result shows that the abnormal fluid response has a certain relationship with earthquake size and epicenter distance. The greater the earthquake, and the closer it is to the epicenter from the observatory, the more sensitive the response will be to fluid anomalies. Abnormal Helium release was first observed before both strong earthquakes in the fluid precursor observation. The release intensity is related to earthquake magnitude; the larger the magnitude, the stronger the abnormal changes. The large change in He release in a short period after the Wenchuan earthquake may be related to the continuous activity of strong aftershocks and the structural adjustment after the earthquake. Helium release increased significantly after both earthquakes, as contributed by the abnormal deep-sited Helium release. However, this process may be connected to the annual change from July to September or the hot-reservoir type gas release in the Wuliying well. In the earthquake preparation process, a large number of deep-derived Helium is released into the geothermal system and the entire composition is changed. Temporally, this gas release appears later than fault-type gas release, and the disappearance time of this anomaly is also much later. The response difference of the fluid precursor to the two strong earthquakes may be related to differences of deep structural setting and dynamic mechanism. It also shows there is a stronger correlation between Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake in the North-South Seismic Belt and North China region than the Yushu M7.1 earthquake in the internal Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Helium gas can be a sensitive indicator for monitoring abnormal deep-gas activity of the region where the observation station is located. Hence, observation and research should be strengthened in the future.

Comparison Research on the Records of Strong-motion Seismographs and Seismographs at the Same Station

This paper uses Jin Xing( 2004,2005) and Ma Qiang's( 2003) real-time time-domain methods to simulate and compare both the broadband strong motion acceleration and velocity records measured at the same stations in the Liaoning Telemetered Digital Seismic Network. The results show that we can get actual velocity and displacement time histories by simulating broadband acceleration records. The acceleration and displacement time histories also may be obtained by simulating broadband velocity records. This indicates that strong motion observations and seismometer observations can be substituted for each other in a certain range.

Validation of Land Surface Temperature Derived from 37-GHz AMSR-E over Northern China

A validation study of land surface temperature (LST) obtained from the Ka band (37 GHz) vertically polarized brightness temperature over northern China is presented.The remotely sensed LST derived jointly by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (VUA-NASA) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) were compared to the daily in-situ top soil temperature/infrared surface temperature observations from eleven/three Enhanced Coordinated Observation stations in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China.The VUA-NASA LST from the descending path exhibited a stronger correspondence to the in-situ infrared surface temperature than soil temperature observations,whereas correlations (R 2) of the latter ranged from 0.41 to 0.86.Meanwhile,the ascending overpass LST was generally warmer than the in-situ soil temperature observations at all stations,and the correlation (R 2) was between 0.07 and 0.72.Furthermore,the correlation of the descending path was generally greater than that of the ascending path at the same station.The descending path VUA-NASA LST was sensitive to precipitation and presented good agreement with ground temperature dynamics.The analyses demonstrated that the descending overpass LST was reliable to reflect reasonable patterns of temperature dynamics for land surface temperature in the region.

Experimental Research on Microscopic Indicators of Temperature's Returning-to-Zero in Deformation of Calcite and Discussions of Correlation Problem

In order to determine the degree of returning_to_zero of temperatures of deformed calcite, a series of rock-breaking experiments were designed to test calcite-rich limestone samples under fixed confining pressures and different temperatures. The consolidated deformed samples in their initial state were observed under a microscope and the microscopic indicators in different zero-returning states were put forward, thus providing a microscopic foundation for evaluation of reliability of dating values of deformation in calcite. At last, the correction of dating values of deformation for samples whose temperature has not yet returned to zero is discussed.