安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程多样性变化

植被生态系统的重建是矿区复垦地恢复的主要环节之一。通过群落调查和实验分析,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合DCCA排序、多元线性回归和相关分析,研究了平朔安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程中多样性的变化。群落多样性分析结果表明:(1)直接种植植被演替后期的植物种大大加速了原始植被演替进程;(2 )多样的人工配置群落比单一的人工配置群落更能促进群落向正向演替的方向发展;(3)能够适应矿区特殊生境的植被配置方式在恢复进程中与自然植被表现出一定的差异,这种差异只持续发生植被恢复的前3a,3a之后群落的演替与自然植被的演替表现出趋同性;(4)森林群落是较灌丛群落更适合安太堡矿区特殊生境的植被配置方式,其中刺槐和油松的混交效果较好。物种多样性的分析表明:(1)多样性偏高的群落与有机质和时间联系较为紧密,而多样性偏低的群落则与锰的联系较为紧密;(2 )制约矿区物种多样性变化的主要因素是土壤水分和演替时间;(3)锌对各多样性指数都有一定的影响(4)有机质、时间与丰富度指数相关显著;(5 )海拔与综合多样性指数相关显著;(6 )铜对均匀度指数的影响较大。方法的比较结果表明:(1)多元线性回归的灵敏度比相关分析高;(2 ) DCCA可以作为对定量分析的补充。

坡面水流流速对贴地植被的响应特性试验研究

坡面上植被对坡面流流速有着显著影响,进而对坡面的输沙特性起着重要作用,而覆盖度是植被影响坡面粗糙度的一个重要因素。以往研究多集中在植被覆盖度相对较小的范围。为进一步探明植被覆盖度与坡面流流速间的相关关系,基于坡面流系列概化变坡水槽试验,采用人工塑料草模拟贴地植被,设置了在0～80%范围之间的9种不同的贴地植被覆盖度、3种不同的坡度(10°、20°、25°)以及6个不同的流量级(0.286～1.058 L/s)条件下的共计162组清水径流试验,对坡面流流速特性进行了定量研究。试验结果表明:随着贴地植被覆盖度的增大,流速沿坡长由增大变为减小;当覆盖度小于30%时,流速受流量的影响较大;当覆盖度大于30%后,流速受流量的影响较小。将植被覆盖度引入坡面流流速计算公式,采用生长模型中常见的e–x表达形式反映植被对坡面粗糙度的影响,对公式中的k进行修正,应用非线性回归的方法对试验数据进行回归分析,确定参数k、a、b、c分别为10.06、–1.71、0.22、0.4,所得公式的计算效果良好(R^2=0.96)。将公式应用于其他文献中提及的实验室水槽试验条件,所得的计算值与文献中的实测值符合较好(R^2=0.73)。公式对实验室试验具有良好的适应性,而其对野外条件的适用性仍有待于进一步检验。

隔河岩水电站废弃地植被的初始生态恢复

以隔河岩水电废弃地生态治理点植被的野外调查资料为基础,报道了该废弃地上植物群落的组成、结构及物种多样性特点,评价了隔河岩水电废弃地植被的初始生态恢复状况,并对当地种和外来种作为种植苗木对生态恢复进程的作用进行了探讨。结果显示,除两种种植的苗木外,共有75种当地的植物扩散定居在被治理的废弃上,初步形成了具一定组成与结构的植物群落,明显地改变了废弃地的植被与生态环境状况。表明苗木种植能促进灌木种类的扩散和定居及植被的恢复,是一种及时有效的生态恢复技术,但不同的苗木种类对废弃地植被初始生态恢复的效果不一样。通过比较塔柏和湿地松两种人工林的生物多样性与群落结构,认为塔柏的初始生态恢复效果比湿地松好。

海南省典型热带滨海砂地植被生态系统碳通量动态格局及成因初步分析

为了解热带滨海砂地生态系统碳通量特征及其成因,本研究以海南省文昌地区典型砂地植被为例,采用涡度相关技术进行长期的碳通量观测,同期开展了温度、降雨、辐射等气象因子监测.结果表明:1)典型热带滨海砂地植被碳汇/效益显著,2016年碳收支量为-400.959 g·m^(-2)·y^(-1);2)典型热带滨海砂地植被生态系统碳交换的季节变化明显,雨季(5~10月)碳通量变化差异较大,雨季前期(5~7月)净CO2交换(NEE,Net Ecosystem Exchange)占全年碳交换量的58%,而雨季后期(8~10月)受降雨等因素影响,NEE仅占全年碳交换量的10.7%;3)典型热带滨海砂地植被生态系统碳交换有明显的日变化格局,净生态系统碳交换最大值出现在正午12:00~2:00之间.日最大交换量出现在4月,最大值为-0.655 mg·m^(-2)·s^(-1);4)雨季生态系统碳交换量对于气象因子的响应显著于旱季,光合有效辐射是影响生态系统碳通量的主要影响因子,其雨季相关性R^2为0.70.

Seasonal Dynamics of Terrestrial Net Primary Production in Response to Climate Changes in China

Study on seasonal responses of terrestrial net primary production (NPP) to climate changes is to help understand feedback between climate systems and terrestrial ecosystems and mechanisms of increased NPP in the northern middle and high latitudes. In this study, time series dataset of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and corresponding ground-based information on vegetation, climate, soil, and solar radiation, together with an ecological process model, were used to explore the seasonal trends of terrestrial NPP and their geographical differences in China from 1982 to 1999. As the results,. seasonal total NPP in China showed a significant increase for all four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) during the past 18 years. The spring NPP indicated the largest increase rate, while the summer NPP was with the largest increase in magnitude. The response of NPP to climate changes varied with different vegetation types. The increased NPP was primarily led by an advanced growing season for broadleaf evergreen forest, needle-leaf evergreen forest, and needle-leaf deciduous forest, whilst that was mainly due to enhanced vegetation activity (amplitude of growth cycle) during growing season for broadleaf deciduous forest, broadleaf and needle-leaf mixed forest, broadleaf trees with groundcover, perennial grasslands, broadleaf shrubs with grasslands, tundra, desert, and cultivation. The regions with the largest increase in spring NPP appeared mainly in eastern China, while the areas with the largest increase in summer NPP occurred in most parts of Northwestern China, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Mts. Xiaoxinganling-Changbaishan, Sanjiang Plain, Songliao Plain, Sichuan Basin, Leizhou Peninsula, part of the middle and lower Yangtze River, and southeastern mountainous areas of China. In autumn, the largest NPP increase appeared in Yunnan Plateau-Eastern Xizang and the areas around Hulun Lake. Such different ways of the NPP responses depended on regional climate attributes and their changes.

Intra-annual Vegetation Change Characteristics in the NDVI-Ts Space:Application to Farming-Pastoral Zone in North China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) mapping and analysis using multi-temporal normalize difference vegetation index (NDVI) data have been well documented. Recent empirical studies have documented that many new methods with high accuracy of retrieved land surface temperature ( Ts) have been developed. Thus, the combination of land surface temperature and NDVI has the greatest potential to improve the surface vegetation dynamic monitoring. In this study, the following objectives are pursued to: (1) introduce the practical method to produce the Ts, NDVI and Ts/NDVI based on remotely sensed data; (2) investigate the different retrieved result of vegetation cover information from NDVI, Ts and Ts/NDVI data sets, and analyze the intra-annual time trajectories of different vegetation cover categories in the NDVI- Ts space for farming-pastoral zone in North China, and (3) quantitative analysis the difference in using NDVI, Ts and Ts/NDVI data sets to express information based on the indices (information entropy and averaged information grads), and evaluate the relative role of Ts/NDVI data set in the discrimination of different vegetation cover categories through comparison to traditional NDVI data set.

An Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effect using Remote Sensing Data

Characteristics of urban heat island （UHI） effect and its cause are investigated by using MODIS data in April 2004. Surface parameters from the MODIS data have surface temperature （ts） albedo（α）, and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）. Their heterogeneities over urban and rural area are analyzed based on land cover classification, and their relations are also presented in order to explain the UHI effect. The results show that there exists obvious the UHI effect. Ts over urban areas are by 10.83 % higher than those over rural area, and NDVI and α over urban area are by 62 % and 18.75 % less than those over rural area, respectively. Surface temperature has significantly negative correlation with NDVI and their correlation coefficient is -0.73. Correlation between NDVI and albedo is determined by the spectrum of light. Difference in vegetation cover is the primary cause of the UHI effect.

Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture in Rainy Season in Dry-hot Valley

[Objective]The research aimed to study the effects of vegetation coverage on the changes of soil moisture in rainy season in dry-hot valley.[Method]The surface runoff and soil moisture of slope with vegetation coverage and bare land in rainy reason in Jinsha River at Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province were observed continuously.Moreover,the statistical analysis was made based on the observation data.[Result]The vegetation coverage could decrease surface runoff and the surface runoff on bare land（CK） was 22 times as the plot with vegetation coverage.The soil water content in 0-180 cm layer with vegetation coverage increased by 37.8% than bare land.The stability of soil moisture content in deep layer was enhanced and the physical properties stability of soil was maintained.The soil moisture content in different depth of soil had significant difference and the changes of soil moisture content were obviously different.[Conclusion]The vegetation coverage of slope could change the soil hydrology obviously and keep soil moisture at the higher level,especially at soil layer below 20 cm.

Changes of Productivity and Bearing Capacity of Grassland in Arid Zone of Central Ningxia over 20 Years

[Objective] The paper was to explore the vegetation regressive succession law in arid zone of central Ningxia.[Method] Based on the survey data during 1982-2001,the grass type vegetation characteristics,grassland productivity and the quality of grass in 7 survey sites were analyzed.[Result] The grass type in arid zone of central Ningxia had changed or was changing in the last 20 years;the dominant species within communities were also replacing by other species,vegetation coverage and number of plant species within communities were continuously declined,the bearing capacity of grassland had averagely declined by 114%,and the quality of grassland seriously declined.[Conclusion] The study provided basic data for the sustainable use of typical grassland.

Effect of Site Factor on Plant Community Characteristic in Closed Watershed in Loess Hilly and Gully Region

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of site factor on plant community characteristic in closed watershed in loess hilly and gully region.[Method] Based on the investigation of vegetation in the closed watershed of Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province,the difference of plant community characteristic and species diversity under various site types was researched in our paper.[Result] In the investigation area,xerophytic herb was the main community,with sole species composition and simple community structure.Zonal vegetations were Artemisia sacrorum and Artemisia giraldii community;for plant diversity,the order of diversity index was ridge topgully bottomridge slopegully slope in various landform positions and semi-shady slopeshady slopesemi-sunny slopesunny slope in various slope aspects;with the increase of gradient,the diversity index of sunny slope changed with ＂S＂ type,and it reached maximum value at 37°.[Conclusion] Our study could provide theoretical foundation for vegetative restoration in loess hilly and gully region.

Responses of Vegetation and Primary Production in North-South Transect of Eastern China to Global Change Under Land Use Constraint

A regional model of vegetation dynamics was revised to include land use as a constraint to vegetation dynamics and primary production processes. The model was applied to a forest transect in eastern China (NSTEC, North-South transect of eastern China) to investigate the responses of the transect to possible future climatic change. The simulation result indicated that land use has profound effects on vegetation transition and primary production. In particular, land use reduced competition among vegetation classes and tended to result in less evergreen broadleaf forests but more shrubs and grasses in the transect area. The simulation runs with land use constraint also gave much more realistic estimation about net primary productivity as well as responses of the productivity to future climatic change along the transect. The simulations for future climate scenarios projected by general circulation models (GCM) with doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted that deciduous broadleaf forests would increase, but conifer forests, shrubs and grasses would decrease. The overall effects of doubling CO2 and climatic changes on NSTEC were to produce an increased net primary productivity (NPP) at equilibrium for all seven GCM scenarios. The predicted range of NPP variation in the north is much larger than that in the south.

Study on Soil Microbiotic Crust and Its Influences on Sand-fixing Vegetation in Arid Desert Region

Based on secular fixed_site data in the artificial sand_fixing vegetation district at the southeast fringe of the Tengger Desert, the formative characteristics of soil microbiotic crusts and its influences on vegetation dynamics were analyzed. Once sand barrier and artificial vegetation have stabilized the surface of the sifting sand, could form aeolian deposition crust and then evolve into algae_dominated crust. Such processes result from the interactions of physical effects of atmospheric dust and silt deposition on sand surface, sinking and raindrop impact, and soil microorganism activities. Under the condition of less than 200 mm precipitation, the presence of microbiotic crust changes the soil hydraulic conductivity, alters the temporal and spatial distribution of the limited precipitation in sand layer and leads to the decline of deep_rooted shrubs. The development of microbiotic crust and subsurface soil affects the plant growth and seed rain distribution, as a result, the diversity of plant species gradually tend to become saturated and finally affects the vegetation stability.

Vegetation Changes and Human Influences on Qian’an Basin Since the Middle Holocene

Vegetation changes and human influences on natural environments since 5 000 a BP were discussed based on the pollen data supported by radiocarbon dating from Cangumiao and Yujiawa profiles in Qian'an Basin, the southern area of Yanshan Mountain. The research indicates that (1) from 4 600 to 3 100 a BP, deciduous broad_leaved forests dominated by Quercus grew in the Basin, (2) after 3 100 a BP, broad_leaved species reduced and Pinus increased, in response to the cooling climate, (3) since 1 600 a BP, forests had been destroyed seriously due to the increase of agricultural activities, and (4) pollen analysis showed that Castanea trees had been cultivated for 1 600 years, and Oryza had been planted for 700 years in Qian'an Basin.

Effect of Different Vegetation Types on Soil Erosion by Water

The C factor in Universal Soil loss Equation reflecting the effect of vegetation on soil erosion by water is one of the important parameters for estimating soil erosion rate and selecting appropriate land use patterns. In this study, the C factor for nine types of grassland and woodland was estimated from 195 plot-year observation data of six groups of soil erosion experiments on Loess Plateau. The result indicates that the effects of woodland and grassland on soil erosion keep approximately uniform after two or three years' growth. The estimated woodland C factor ranges from 0.004 to 0.164, and the grassland C factor ranges from 0.071 to 0.377, showing that the effect of woodland and grassland on soil conservation is greatly better than that of cropland. The study results can be used to compare or estimate the soil loss from land with different vegetation cover, and are the useful references for land use pattern selection and the project of returning cropland to forest or grassland.

Study on the Surface Soil Micro-biomass Carbon of Kinds of Vegetation Types in Dagu Estuary Wetland

A field experiment was carried out to explore surface soil mircro-biomass carbon （MBC）. The results showed that the difference of soil MBC was significant among three vegetation types in five sample spots in July. The order of surface soil MBC was： Aquaculture pond reed （sample 2）〉 reed of river bank （sample 5）〉 sea- plant（sample 5）〉 river flat（sample 4）〉 The alkaline（sample 1）. There is a very sig- nificant correlation among the soil MBC, the water content of soil and the content of organic matter. Among wetland plants, reed is kind of plant content of high ground biomass and below-ground biomass,especially the MBC planted in wetland is high- er, which shows that compared with common plants, reed is more conducive to the accumulation of soil MBC and has an important effect to wetland protecting and re- covery of function of ecosystem.

Research on the extension of Tamarix shrubs resulted from devel-opment projects in arid area

Tamarix plant is widely distributed in the arid areas of China for its great tolerance of draught, salt and alkali and attracts more attention by its strong capacity in windbreak and sand-fixations. “Tamarix dunes” constitute special desert bio-landscape in arid area. During last several decades,Tamarix shrubs declined and “Tamarix dunes” were also severely destroyed due to the land exploitation and serious deforestation, etc. From the 1980s until now, the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs caused by developmental projects such as building highway, railway was studied in the western dry area of China, including western section of Hexi Corridor of Gansu, railroads and highways around the two greatest basin in Xinjiang and interior regions in Gurbantonggut desert, through on-the-spot survey along the transportation lines and setting up sampling plots along the roads. It was found that large quantities ofTamarix plants grow in the catchment area of low-lying lands that were formed by bulldozer operation during road building period. The extension ofTamarix shrubs caused by engineering was similar to that of the other section of the area to some extent, but went beyond the original distribution. This extension is beneficial to the ecological restoration and re-vegetation of western region of China and plays an important role in control of the sandstorms and improvement of ecological environments. As a result, it is necessary to make a further study on the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs and to seek approach to promote wider extension ofTamarix shrubs in suitable habitats. Key words Arid area - Tamarix - Development engineering - Vegetation extension CLC number S718.541 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0045-04 Foundation Item: This study is supported by key projects of National Natural Science Foundation (39730100), National Foundation (30070640) and part of Project 973(G19990435).Biography: Huang Pei-You (1936-), Male, Professor in College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

Studies of Soil Physical Properties and Community Characteristics of Different Abandoned Lands in the Minqin Oasis,Downstream of the Shiyang River

[Objective] The aim was to explore physical properties and community characteristics of abandoned lands in different years in Minqin Oasis, downstream of the Shiyang River, [Method] The evolution of environment and plant community characteristics in different abandoned lands were analyzed after abandonment for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 24 and 31 years, and the plant community characteristics, water content, bulk density, porosity and mechanical composition of soil in the different a- bandoned lands were also researched in the Minqin Oasis, downstream of the Shiyang River. [Result] Plant of 32 species spread over 14 family live through fifty years appeared in abandoned lands in the study area. Shrubs was 6 species, herbs was 26 species among them, which were 18.75%, 81.25% respectively. The goose- foot family （6 species）, the composite family（4 species）,the grass family（4 species）, caltrop family（3 species） were 53.13% among them. Within the range of 0-40 cm of different abandoned Land, the soil moisture content showed a trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of soil depth changes in soil bulk density and porosity of less obvious. In the range of 0-40 cm soil depth, the largest proportion of fine sand, followed by silt and clay and the smallest proportion of coarse sand in every plot, but the proportion of the each silt size varies little with the years aban- doned. [Conclusion] The research provides references for vegetation reconstruction and eco-environment construction in abandoned lands in downstream of Shiyang River.

Structure changes and succession dynamic of the natural secondary forest after severe fire interference

The structure and dynamic succession law of natural secondary forest after severe fire interference in recent 20 years were studied by adopting the method of deducing time series from the spatial sequence of vegetation in Heihe region, Heilongjiang, China. Two typical and widely distributed forest types in the study area, namely forest type A and forest type B, were selected as study subjects. Forest type A is pure broadleaf forest or broadleaf mixed forest mainly composing of superior Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana in the area with gradient 〈25°, while forest type B is pure forest or mixed forest composing of superior Quercus mongolica and Betula davurica in the area with gradient 〉25°. Species richness, vegetation coverage, important value, and similarity index of commtmity in different layers （Herb, shrub, small tree, and arbor layers） were investigated and analyzed for the two typical forests. The results show that after fire interference, the species richness and coverage in each layer in forest type A were higher than that in forest type B. Both for forest type A and B, with elapse of post-fire years, the species richness and coverage of herbs and shrubs showed a decline tendency, while those of arbor layer present a rising tendency. Through comparison of the important values of species in each layer and analysis of community structure changes, the dynamic process of post-fire vegetation succession for forest type A and B was separately determined. Post-fire 80 years＇ succession tendency of forest type A is B. platyphylla and Larix gmelinii mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of Corylus heterophylla and Vaccinium uliginosum, and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Athyrium multidentatum, and Pyrola incarnate; whereas, the post-fire 80 years＇ succession of forest type B is Q. mongolica and B. davurica mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of lespedeza bicolar and corylus heterophylla and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Asparagus densiflorus, and Hemerocallis minor.

Effects of Water-table Depth and Soil Moisture on Plant Biomass, Diversity, and Distribution at a Seasonally Flooded Wetland of Poyang Lake, China

Hydrological regime has been widely recognized as one of the major forces determining vegetation distribution in seasonally flooded wetland. Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, has been encountering dramatic changes in hydrological conditions in last decade, which greatly influenced the wetland vegetations. To explore the relationships between hydrology and vegetation distri- bution, water-table depth, soil moisture, species composition, diversity and biomass were measured at a seasonally flooded wetland section at Wucheng National Nature Reserve. Three plant communities, Artemisia capillaris, Phragmites australis and Carex cineras- cens communities, were examined which are zonally distributed from upland to lakeshore with decreasing elevation. Canonical corre- spondence analysis （CCA）, spearmen correlation and logistic regression were adopted to analyze the relationships between vegetation characteristics and hydrological variables of water-table depth and soil moisture. Results show that significant hydrological gradient exist along the wetland transect. Water-table demonstrates a seasonal variation and is consistently deepest in A. capillaris community （ranging from q）.5 m above ground to ＋10.3 m below ground）, intermediate in P. australis community （-2.6 m to ＋7.8 m） and shallow- est in C. cinerascens community （-4.5 m to ＋6.1 m）. Soil moisture is lowest and most variable in A. capillaris community, highest and least variable in P. australis community, and intermediate and moderate variable in C. cinerascens community. The CCA ordination indicated that variables of water-table depth and soil moisture are strongly related to community distribution, which explained 81.7% of the vegetation variations. Species diversity indices are significantly positively correlated with soil moisture and negatively correlated with moisture variability, while above- and belowground biomass are positively correlated with moisture. Above- and belowground biomass present Gaussian models along the gradient of average water-table depth in growing season, while species diversity indices show bimodal patterns. The optimal average water-table depths for above- and belowground biomass are 0.8 m and 0.5 m, respectively, and are 2.2 m and 2.4 m for species richness and Shannon-Wiener indices, respectively. Outcomes of this work improved the under- standings of the relationship between hydrology and vegetation.