基于LSMM模型的精确地物覆盖类型的提取方法

本文对线性光谱混合模型 (LSMM)进行了研究 ,提出了利用分解误差和比值系数分别进行约束 ,从而提取精确的地物覆盖类型的研究方法 ,并利用模拟数据和实际数据进行了验证。实验结果表明 ,相对于传统的需要对地物进行逻辑上或光谱组成上归并的研究方法 ,采用本方法提取更为细致的地物覆盖类型 。

基于改进HRNet的遥感图像地物覆盖语义分割研究

随着科技的发展,利用深度学习的方法帮助遥感图像地物覆盖语义分割工作取得了很大的进展。然而,针对于遥感语义分割数据集中存在的像素分布不平衡问题,我们提出了基于注意力的HRNet (Attention-based HRNet, AbHRNet)结构。首先,针对于各个类别目标之间的像素数量不平衡问题,本文在特征提取网络中引入了卷积注意力模块,使得网络对于我们感兴趣的目标特征尤其是数量较少的目标特征赋予了更多的关注,并减小了由复杂的背景信息带来的干扰;其次,针对于目标和目标、目标和背景之间像素数量不平衡的问题,在基准网络交叉熵损失的基础上又引入了二元交叉熵损失和Dice Loss,以实现对背景样本的有效监督,并解决由于像素数量不平衡带来的模型难以优化的问题。在LoveDA数据集上的实验结果表明,我们提出的AbHRNet的平均交并比达到了51.14%,相较于基准HRNet模型提升了1.97%,尤其是帮助分割效果很差的荒地类别的精度提升了一倍。

喀斯特城市桂林地表温度时空变化及地物覆盖影响分析

【目的】定量分析喀斯特城市桂林1990—2015年快速扩展对热环境的影响。【方法】提出喀斯特山峰混合像元比辐射率估算方法,对Landsat卫星12景遥感图像用模型反演地表温度并分析地表温度时空变化规律;提出建筑覆盖率、水体覆盖率和裸土率估算方法,反演植被覆盖度、建筑覆盖率、水体覆盖率、裸土率和裸岩率,分析混合像元中各地物覆盖率变化对地表温度的影响。【结果】1)研究地的建筑/道路、喀斯特山峰裸岩、干燥裸土的地表温度相对较高,水体和茂密植被覆盖的喀斯特山峰阴坡地表温度最低,茂密植被覆盖的喀斯特山峰阳坡的地表温度也相对较低;在太阳辐射下,喀斯特山峰阳坡地表温度比阴坡地表温度高1~3℃。2)1990—2015年研究地的地表温度高于喀斯特山峰茂密林地的高温像元比例呈逐渐上升的趋势,由61.9%变化到75.2%。3)研究地的地表温度因植被覆盖度、水体覆盖率增加0.1而分别降低0.5~0.7℃,0.2~0.4℃;因建筑覆盖率、裸土率和裸岩率增加0.1而分别升高0.4~0.7℃,0.4~0.6℃和0.3~0.5℃。【结论】喀斯特城市桂林的地表温度明显受人为因素、植被覆盖和地形的影响。

基于单景遥感影像的去云处理研究

去云处理是遥感图像处理以及大气纠正的重要步骤。常规的去云处理算法会随云的覆盖类型的不同而不同,如同态滤波或时间平均法,这些算法在去除云对影像影响的同时,往往会伴随地物信息的丢失。提出了基于单景遥感影像的去云处理算法———基于遥感影像分类结果及云检测结果的去云处理算法,目的是去除影像中云的散射影响,恢复地物的光谱信息。算法是针对局部有云的单景Landsat7 ETM+影像进行的。根据Landsat7 ETM+波段4,5,7对影像进行聚类分析,确定不同地物的覆盖类型;利用波段1,2,3及波段6划分出影像中的无云区以及不同覆盖厚度的云层;按照相同地物覆盖类型对非云区与不同云区进行平均反射率匹配,以达到去云的效果。结果表明,经过去云处理的影像,在分类运算中能够明显地提高分类精度,能够很好地恢复地物的光谱信息。

基于ETM+影像的福州市部分城区的地表温度反演与分析

以福州市部分地区为研究对象,采用Landsat ETM+第6波段的单窗算法,进行地表温度反演得出地表温度分布图,分析了研究区总体温度分布的特点、研究了三种下垫面类型的温度分布差异及与NDVI的关系、同时对生活建筑区分别取样进行了对比分析。结果表明:研究区中心热岛效应显著;研究区不同的土地覆盖类型地表温度有显著差异,从高到低为,生活建筑区>自然表面>水体;地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)有良好的负相关关系;相同土地覆盖类型开发程度不同,温度也存在差异,此差异小于不同土地覆盖类型之间的温度差。

基于超像素统计量的随机森林遥感图像分类

针对遥感图像地物覆盖分类方法对图像空间分布信息利用不足的问题,提出一种基于超像素统计量的随机森林遥感图像分类方法。以北京市海淀区为研究区,选用Landsat-8卫星为主要数据源,通过改进SLIC超像素分割方法,使之适用于多光谱遥感图像中超像素的分割,提取超像素常见的六个统计量(最小值、最大值、均值、标准差、上四分位数、下四分位数)用于随机森林在遥感图像中的分类。实验结果表明,其对研究区遥感图像的总体分类精度为89. 01%,明显改善了对地物的错分和漏分现象,能够推广到Landsat-8遥感图像的地物覆盖分类工作中。

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Physical Characters of Soil and Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil physical characters, including soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil bulk density, and yield and yield components of sweet potato. The results showed that plastic filming mulching increased soil temperature. Considering the soil temperature-increasing effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. However, with the deepening of soil layer, the warming effect of plastic film mulching was weakened. Black or white plastic film mulching was conducive to low T/R value, especially in the early growth stage of sweet potato. Plastic film mulching significantly improved the storage root yield of sweet potato. In terms of yield-improving effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. The storage root num- ber per plant showed a downward trend, but the weight of single storage root was increased.

Natural Resources Depletion in Hill Areas of Bangladesh:A Review

Hilly or mountainous terrain occupies around 12% of the area of Bangladesh.Natural resources associated with Bangladesh's hill are forest resources,biodiversity,minerals,and agricultural crops.Natural resources have been exploited in the recent four decades due to excessive clearing of hill forest cover,resulting in loss of species richness, impacts related to increased water flow variability, increased hill slope erosion and flooding intensity, and a gradual decrease in the extent of hill area in Bangladesh.This review explores the major causes and effects of depletion of natural resources by linking drivers,pressures and the related impacts.A review has been conducted to structure the effects on the hilly areas and describe the responses to minimize them in the associated DPSIR framework.Population growth has been identified as a major driver contributing to high deforestation rates.This may negatively effect agricultural productivity and increase the frequency of serious flooding.Slash and burn cultivation also impacts the regeneration of evergreen forests,which may accelerate soil erosion. Due to this and other factors,local people are facing a deficits of natural resources(food,fodder,fuel wood and water),which exacerbates the effects of poverty. Future research should try to facilitate decision making for sustainable utilization of natural resources management in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. Additional conservation measures should be developed to increase the resilience of ecosystems at national and regional levels.

Tupu methods of spatial-temporal pattern on land use change:a case study in the Yellow River Delta

Comprehensive study on land-use change of spatial pattern and temporal process is the key component in LUCC study nowadays. Based on the theories and methods of Geo-information Tupu (Carto-methodology in Geo-information, CMGI), integration of spatial pattern and temporal processes of land-use change in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) are studied in the paper, which is supported by ERDAS and ARC/INFO software. The main contents include: (1) concept models of Tupu by spatial-temporal integration on land-use change, whose Tupu unit is synthesized by "Spatial·Attribute·Process" features and composed of relatively homogeneous geographical unit and temporal unit; (2) data sources and handling process, where four stages of spatial features in 1956, 1984, 1991, and 1996 are acquired; (3) integration of series of temporal-spatial Tupu, reconstruction series of "Arising" Tupu, spatial-temporal Process Tupu and the spatial temporal Pattern Tupu on land-use change by remap tables; (4) Pattern Tupu analysis on land-use change in YRD during 1956-1996; and (5) spatial difference of the Pattern Tupu analysis by dynamic Tupu units. The various landform units and seven sub-deltas generated by the Yellow River since 1855 are different. The Tupu analysis on land-use in the paper is a promising try on the comprehensive research of "spatial pattern of dynamic process" and "temporal process of spatial pattern" in LUCC research. The Tupu methodology would be a powerful and efficient tool on integrated studies of spatial pattern and temporal process in Geo-science.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOIL EROSION AND ELEMENT RUN-OFF IN THE SONGHUA LAKE VALLEY

Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.

Community Responses to Mountain Tourism:A Case in Bhyundar Valley,Indian Himalaya

Tourism industry has become an important part of Indian economy,and tourism development has been,however,concentrated to a few areas. Accumulation of tourism activities has reached the critical stage in most of the tourism centers,which pose serious threats to the natural environment. The Bhyundar Valley of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Uttarakhand State of the Indian Himalaya is a burning example of such problems. Land use/cover changes,deforestation and accumulation of garbage are some of the negative impacts of unregulated tourism in the valley. Unsustainable activities of tourists and villagers in the valley make such problems very severe. To deal with the ongoing problems and ensure community involvement in tourism management and environmental conservation,the Biosphere Reserve Authority introduced ecotourism in the form of Eco Development Committees (EDCs) in the Bhyundar Valley. Study reveals that many problems associated with tourism have been minimized to some extent with the help of EDCs but few are still prevailing in valley. However,the existing attempts to conserve the valley from the negative effects of tourism are inadequate and modifications are needed in the current initiatives.

Sensitivity to electricity consumption in urban business and commercial area buildings according to climatic change

Recently, urban high temperature phenomenon has become a problem which results from human activities, the increase in energy consumption, and land-cover change in urban areas. As extremely hot weather caused by urban high temperature continues, demand for power is increased and results in the degradation of electricity reserves. The current trend in climate change, regardless of the summer and winter power demand, is likely to have much effect on the power demand. Thus, sensitivity to electricity consumption in urban areas due to climate change was researched. The results show that, 1） the basic unit of the sensitivity to electricity consumption in the target areas is 1.25-1.58W/（m2.℃）; 2） The maximum sensitivity is recorded at around 8：00 pm in the area crowded with commercial and business area. And in the business area, electricity consumption load is even from 9：00 am to 6：00 pm.

A Proposed New Product Development Process for Floor Coverings and Assessment of Its Applicability

Nowadays, the rapid changes in the marketing environment of construction products accelerate the shortening tendency of product life cycles which in return put pressure on companies to produce successful new products and adopt innovative strategies to survive and expand in the fast competitive environment. The success of the new construction products calls for a high-quality and well-managed product development process. Thus, this study aims at defining the basic steps of a NPD （new product development） process designed for floor coverings and evaluating its applicability. To this end, the product development methods of the leading companies in the construction sector in Turkey have been analyzed. Also, a questionnaire has been conducted to determine which of the steps of the proposed methodology are currently being realized and which are not or cannot be implemented. Finally, based on this information, certain suggestions have been made as to what can be done to enhance the NPD processes of the companies＇ subject to evaluation.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Forest and Mountain Formations in Auras Area, Algeria

Contrary to the countries of northern coast, the forest formations on Southern and East coast of the Mediterranean are in regression. With the combined action of the ax, fire and pasture, these ecosystems are subjected to a pressure of permanent degradation. Indeed, the degradation of the forest ecosystems represents one of the most important causes of reduction and erosion of the biodiversity in the world. The massif of Aur6s is located in the North-East of Algeria. The analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of this vulnerable vegetation is not approached yet. This study proposes a focus on the analysis of the dynamics of this vegetation and to study the factors of its degradation. For that, a methodological approach of diachronic follow-up between two dates was adopted by using any kind of old information sources （archives, aerial photographs, topographic maps） and recent （Images satellite of American Landsat and data of land）. The results reveal a degradation of vegetable cover thus expressing a very thorough reduction of the formations forest replaced by herbaceous formations very sensitive and threatened by the overgrazing.

Accuracies of Global Land Cover Maps Checked against Fluxnet Sites

Global land cover data products are key sources of information in understanding the complex interactions between human activities and global change. They play a critical role in improving performances of ecosystem, hydrological and atmospheric models. Three freely available global land cover products developed in the United States are popularly used by the scientific community. These include two global maps developed separately by the United States Geological Survey （USGS） and the University of Maryland （UMD） with NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （ AVHRR ） data, and one developed by Boston University with the EOS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （ MODIS） data. They are compared with known land cover types at 250 available Fluxnet sites around the world. The overall accuracies are 37%, 36% and 42%, respectively for the USGS, UMD and Boston global land cover maps, Some future global land cover mapping strategies are suggested.

Surface Soil Properties Influence Carbon Oxide Pulses After Precipitation Events in a Semiarid Vineyard Under Conventional Tillage and Cover Crops

In semiarid regions of the Mediterranean basin, a rainfall event can induce a respiratory pulse that releases a large amount of soil carbon dioxide （CO2） into the atmosphere; this pulse can significantly contribute to the annual ecosystem carbon （C） balance. The impacts of conventional tillage and two different cover crops, resident vegetation and Bromus catharticus L., on soil CO2 effiux were evaluated in a Vitis vinifera L. vineyard in La Rioja, Spain. Soil CO2 efflux, gravimetric water content, and temperature were monitored at a depth of 0-5 cm after rainfall precipitation events approximately every 10 d in the period from May 17 to July 27, 2012, during which the cover crops had withered. Additionally, on June 10, 2012, soil organic C, microbial biomass C, and I^-glucosidase activity were determined at soil depths of 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-15, and 15-25 cm. The results show that pulses of soil CO2 were related to the increase in soil water content following precipitation events. Compared to the conventional tillage treatment, both cover crop treatments had higher soil CO2 efflux after precipitation events. Both cover crop treatments had higher soil organic C, microbial biomass C, and β-glucosidase activity at the soil surface （0-2.5 cm） than the conventional tillage treatment. Each pulse of CO2 was related to the surface soil properties. Thus, this study suggests that the enhancement of soil organic C and microbiological properties at the soil surface under cover crops may increase soil CO2 efflux relative to conventional tillage immediately after precipitation events during the dry season.