地球体地势起伏的大地构造学(英文)

地球体的一般几何形态及其表面的地势起伏，都与地球地形的全球对称以及与由全球地震层析X射线摄影法推导出的深部构造相关联。在西太平洋中，星球地势起伏的对称受到破坏，那里的地球体表面受到抬升。这一区域表现有特殊的岩石圈构造，而且显而易见地是，在后冈瓦纳地球各向异性膨胀一收缩的背景下，自晚中生代以来，这里的构造圈已发生了一些最为重要的变化。

亚健康的地球

《地球生命力报告2012》是由世界自然基金会（WWF）、伦敦动物学学会以及全球足迹网络共同编写,并于2012年5月15日在北京发布。该报告被称为＂地球体检报告＂,从1998年开始每两年在全球发布一次,旨在持续评估地球生命力状况。《地球生命力报告》的结论基于以下两个关键指标：地球生命力指数——该指数通过追踪1970年后2688种脊椎物种的9000多个种群的动态趋势，

“体检报告”显示地球很不健康2030年即使两个地球也不够用

5月15日，世界自然基金会（WWF）在京发布了被称为“地球体检报告”的《地球生命力报告2012》。据报告编写者之一、伦敦动物学学会环境保护主任乔纳森·贝利（Jonathan Baillie）介绍，诊断结果显示“地球现在很不健康”。报告的结论主要基于两个关键性指标——“地球生命力指数”和“人类生态足迹”。

Imaging simulation and analysis of attitude jitter effect on topographic mapping for lunar orbiter stereo optical cameras

The geometric accuracy of topographic mapping with high-resolution remote sensing images is inevita-bly affected by the orbiter attitude jitter.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct preliminary research on the stereo mapping camera equipped on lunar orbiter before launching.In this work,an imaging simulation method consid-ering the attitude jitter is presented.The impact analysis of different attitude jitter on terrain undulation is conduct-ed by simulating jitter at three attitude angles,respectively.The proposed simulation method is based on the rigor-ous sensor model,using the lunar digital elevation model(DEM)and orthoimage as reference data.The orbit and attitude of the lunar stereo mapping camera are simulated while considering the attitude jitter.Two-dimensional simulated stereo images are generated according to the position and attitude of the orbiter in a given orbit.Experi-mental analyses were conducted by the DEM with the simulated stereo image.The simulation imaging results demonstrate that the proposed method can ensure imaging efficiency without losing the accuracy of topographic mapping.The effect of attitude jitter on the stereo mapping accuracy of the simulated images was analyzed through a DEM comparison.

遥感对地观测技术

着重分析了与计算机信息处理有关的遥感对地观测技术中的信息处理技术,并以ＧＰＳ、ＲＳ、ＧＩＳ一体化信息技术为例,阐述了空间集成型技术的概念、理论、技术构成、特点,展望了空间信息集成技术的发展前景。

从风中走来的高原

据说,从太空观看地球,在中国的腹地,可以看到一块形状神似人胃的地方,这个地方就是黄土高原,是世界上黄土覆盖面积最大的高原,被地质学家们亲切地称为“地球胃”。有学者研究认为:在汉语词典里,“胃”又叫“肚”,意为“肉身中的田土”,即胃是人身上的“国土中心”,从这个意义上说,“地球胃”便是“地球体”上的“土地中心”。说起黄土大家并不陌生,说起它的科学定义可能会让人颇感意外,因为并不是所有黄色的土状物都能叫黄土。被誉为地学泰斗、“黄土”之父、国家最高科学技术奖获得者的中国科学院资深院士刘东生先生,曾给黄土下过科学定义:“黄土”特指“以风力搬运堆积未经次生扰动的、无层理的、黄色粉质、富含碳酸盐岩并具有大空隙的土状沉积物”。

Rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion in Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit, Tongling area, Anhui province, China

Dongguashan deposit is a large porphyry-skarn copper（gold） deposit in Tongling ore district. The Qingshanjiao intermediate acid intrusion of Yanshanian had a direct genetic relationship with mineralization. The magma origin, rock-forming dynamic background and rock-forming process were studied, and the rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion was discussed, based on geological characteristics, detailed observation of petrography and systematic investigation of petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics of Qingshanjiao intrusion. The results show that Qingshanjiao rock body belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series with higher LREE elements, Th, Rb and Sr abundance, but depleted in HREE elements, Ba, Nb and Ta. The primary magma originated from the mantle-crust mixtures which were caused by basaltic magma of mantle mixing with syenite magma of partial melting of the lower crust, and the formation environment of Qingshanjiao intrusion was emplaced in the transitional environment from compression to extension. The Harker diagram and hybrid structures of plagioclase and potassium feldspar indicate that the fractional crystallization occurred in the process of magmatic evolution. The petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics indicate that the magma was contaminated by crustal material during the rock-forming. These results suggested that the Qingshanjiao intrusion was formed by fractional crystallization and assimilation and hybridization of mantle-crust magma in the transitional environment from compression to extensional.

Pedogeochemical Environments and Peoples Health in China

It has long been recognized that pedogeochemistry is closely related with human health. Based on analytical data, the weathering or soil forming processes fall into four stages and China is divided into four geochemical regions: saline soil region, carbonate soil region, siallitic soil region and ferrallitic soil region. Moreover, some endemic diseases in relation to the deficit or excess of some elements are discussed in the viewpoint of pedogeochemistry.

Rotation of the Earth as a Triaxial Rigid Body

The Earth is taken as a triaxial rigid body, which rotates freely in the Euclidian space. The starting equations are the Euler dynamic equations, with A smaller than B and B smaller than C. The Euler equations are solved, and the numerical results are provided. In the calculations, the following parameters are used: (C-B)/A=0.003 273 53; (B-A)/C=0.000 021 96; (C-A)/B=0.003 295 49, and the mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation, ω =0.000 072 921 15 rad/s. Calculations show that, besides the self-rotation of the Earth and the free Euler procession of its rotation, there exists the free nutation: the nutation angle, or the angle between the Earth's momentary rotation axis and the mean axis that periodically change with time. The free nutation is investigated.

Factors Controlling the Distribution of Transitional Metal Elements in Marine Hydrogenic Ferromanganese Crusts

A series of selective dissolution experunents were conducted on the hydrogeinc ferromanganese crusts collected near Line Island to study the geochemistry of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni and Ti. Despite of the fact that the very close intergrowth between amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides and 6-MnO2 exists in the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts, there is no isomorphous substitution between iron and manganese. This is because the two elements in oxides have different crystal chemistry and geochemistry, such assertion bemg in agreement with the results of selective dissolution experiments. Transitional metal elements such as Cu, Co, Ni and Ti are enriched in different phases, i.e. Ni and Co are incorporated into 6-MnO2 while Cu and Ti are incorporated into ferric oxyhy- droxides. The distributions of the elements in amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides and δ-MnO2 are controlled by the existing states of the elements in the seawater and the crystal chemistry and geochemistry of these elements/inns in oxides.

Self-organized Criticality Model for Ocean Internal Waves

In this paper, we present a simple spring-block model for ocean internal waves based on the self-organized criticality （SOC）. The oscillations of the water blocks in the model display power-law behavior with an exponent of -2 in the frequency domain, which is similar to the current and sea water temperature spectra in the actual ocean and the universal Garrett and Munk deep ocean internal wave model [Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 2 （1972） 225; J. Geophys. Res. 80 （1975） 291]. The influence of the ratio of the driving force to the spring coefficient to SOC behaviors in the model is also discussed.

Swarm intelligence optimization and its application in geophysical data inversion

The inversions of complex geophysical data always solve multi-parameter, nonlinear, and multimodal optimization problems. Searching for the optimal inversion solutions is similar to the social behavior observed in swarms such as birds and ants when searching for food. In this article, first the particle swarm optimization algorithm was described in detail, and ant colony algorithm improved. Then the methods were applied to three different kinds of geophysical inversion problems： （1） a linear problem which is sensitive to noise, （2） a synchronous inversion of linear and nonlinear problems, and （3） a nonlinear problem. The results validate their feasibility and efficiency. Compared with the conventional genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, they have the advantages of higher convergence speed and accuracy. Compared with the quasi-Newton method and Levenberg-Marquardt method, they work better with the ability to overcome the locally optimal solutions.

Response of Mode Water and Subtropical Countercurrent to Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing in the North Pacific

The response of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) to changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol is investigated based on the 20th-century historical and single-forcing simulations with the Geo-physical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 3 (GFDL CM3). The aerosol effect causes sea surface temperature (SST) to decrease in the mid-latitude North Pacific, especially in the Kuroshio Extension region, during the past five decades (1950-2005), and this cooling effect exceeds the warming effect by the GHG increase. The STCC response to the GHG and aerosol forcing are opposite. In the GHG (aerosol) forcing run, the STCC decelerates (accelerates) due to the decreased (increased) mode waters in the North Pacific, resulting from a weaker (stronger) front in the mixed layer depth and decreased (increased) subduction in the mode water formation region. The aerosol effect on the SST, mode waters and STCC more than offsets the GHG effect. The response of SST in a zonal band around 40?N and the STCC to the combined forcing in the historical simulation is similar to the response to the aerosol forcing.

Zircon geochemistry of different intrusive phases of Weiya pluton: implications for magma genesis

The characteristics of hosted magmas and their petrogenesis based on electron microprobe determination of trace element contents in zircons were discussed. Trace element geochemistry of zircons indicates that zircons in both gabbro and quartz syenite have two-generations. Zircons of the first generations are crystallized in the magma chamber, whereas those of the second generations are formed in supercooling environment. The former is richer in Zr, but poorer in U, Th, Hf and Y. Quartz diorite porphyrite contains zircons that can be distinguished into the early and late generations. Compared to the late generation, the early generation is richer in Zr but poorer in U, Th, Hf and Y. No conspicuous disruption of zircon evolution has been found in both biotite monzogranite and fine-grained granite. However, the content of zircon in fine-grained granite is higher in U, Th and Y and lower in Zr relative to biotite monzogranite without significant contrast in mass fraction ratio of ZrO2 to HfO2 ratio. Such differences in zircon geochemistry of various intrusive phases and the occurrence of the two zircon generations within a single intrusive phase suggest that these phases of magmas are generated from diverse sources during post-collisional continental extension. These magmas ascend rapidly and cool quickly in a short interval.

Simulation of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream with GFDL AGCM (AM2.1)

The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1,a model developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (EASWJ).The main behaviors of the EASWJ are also investigated through the reanalysis of observational NCEP/NCAR data.The mean state of the EASWJ,including its intensity,location,structure,and seasonal evolution is generally well-portrayed in the model.Compared with the observation,the model tends to reproduce a weaker jet center.And,during summer,the simulated jet center is northward-situated.Results also demonstrate the model captures the variability of EASWJ during summer well.The results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) applied on the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) over East Asia for both the observation and simulation indicate an inter-decadal shift around the late 1970s.The correlation coefficient between the corresponding principle components is as great as 0.42 with significance at the 99% confidence level.

Improving Simulation of the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle of China in Version 4.5 of the Community Land Model Using a Revised V_(cmax) Scheme

The maximum rate of carboxylation （Vcax） is a key photosynthetic parameter for gross primary produc- tion （GPP） estimation in terrestrial biosphere models. A set of observation-based Vcax values, which take the ni- trogen limitation on photosynthetic rates into consideration, are used in version 4.5 of the Community Land Model （CLM4.5）. However, CLM4.5 with carbon-nitrogen （CN） biogeochemistry （CLM4.5-CN） still uses an inde- pendent decay coefficient for nitrogen after the photosyn- thesis calculation. This means that the nitrogen limitation on the carbon cycle is accounted for twice when CN bio- geochemistry is active. Therefore, to avoid this double nitrogen down-regulation in CLM4.5-CN, the original Vcmax scheme is revised with a new one that only accounts for the transition between Vcmax and its potential value （without nitrogen limitation）. Compared to flux tower- based observations, the new Vcmax scheme reduces the root-mean-square error （RMSE） in GPP for China's Mainland by 13.7 g C m-2 yr-1, with a larger decrease over humid areas （39.2 g C m 2 yr-1）. Moreover, net primary production and leaf area index are also improved, with reductions in RMSE by 0.8% and 11.5%, respectively.

The Spatial Patterns of Initial Errors Related to the “Winter Predictability Barrier” of the Indian Ocean Dipole

In this study, using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2pl （GFDL CM2pl） coupled model, the winter predictability barrier （WPB） is found to exist in the model not only in the growing phase but also the Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） decaying phase of positive events due to the effect of initial errors. In particular, the WPB is stronger in the growing phase than in the decaying phase. These results indicate that initial errors can cause the WPB. The domi- nant patterns of the initial errors that cause the occurrence of the WPB often present an eastern-western dipole both in the surface and subsurface temperature components. These initial errors tend to concentrate in a few areas, and these areas may represent the sensitive areas of the predictions of positive IOD events. By increasing observations over these areas and eliminating initial errors here, the WPB phenomenon may be largely weakened and the forecast skill greatly improved.

Impact of European Black Carbon on East Asian Summer Climate

The remote response of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） to European black carbon （EUBC） aerosols was studied by using an ensemble of sensitivity experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory （GFDL） atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） Atmospheric Model version 2.1 （AM2.1）.The results show that EUBC causes an enhanced EASM.The resulted enhanced southwesterly brings more moisture supply from the Bay of Bengal,which causes an increase in precipitation over the Yangtze River valley,northeastem China,the eastern part of the Yellow River valley,and the Tibetan Plateau.Diagnostic examination suggests that EUBC induces enhanced tropospheric heating over most of the Eurasian Continent through a propagating wave train and horizontal air temperature advection.This phenomenon results in intensified thermal contrast between land and ocean,which accounts for the enhanced EASM.Moreover,reductions in EUBC emission in 1992 may have contributed to decadal weakening of the EASM in the early 1990s.

Modeled Influence of East Asian Black Carbon on Inter-Decadal Shifts in East China Summer Rainfall

Two inter-decadal shifts in East China summer rainfall during the last three decades of the 20th century have been identified.One shift occurred in the late 1970s and featured more rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and prolonged drought in North China.The other shift occurred in the early 1990s and featured increased rainfall in South China.The role of black carbon(BC) aerosol in the first shift event is controversial,and it has not been documented for the second event.In this study,the authors used Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's(GFDL's) atmospheric general circulation model known as Atmosphere and Land Model(AM2.1) ,which has been shown to capture East Asian climate variability well,to investigate these issues by conducting sensitive experiments with or without historical BC in East Asia. The results suggest that the model reproduces the first shift well,including intensified rainfall in the Yangtze River and weakened monsoonal circulation.However,the model captures only a fraction of the observed variations for the second shift event.Thus,the role of BC in modulating the two shift events is different,and its impact is relatively less important for the early 1990s event.

Statistically Downscaled Summer Rainfall over the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The summer rainfall over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (YRSR) has been estimated with a multi-linear regression model using principal atmospheric modes derived from a 500 hPa geopotential height and a 700 hPa zonal vapor flux over the domain of East Asia and the West Pacific.The model was developed using data from 1958 92 and validated with an independent prediction from 1993 2008.The independent prediction was efficient in predicting the YRSR with a correlation coefficient of 0.72 and a relative root mean square error of 18%.The downscaling model was applied to two general circulation models (GCMs) of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (FGOALS) and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1) to project rainfall for present and future climate under B1 and A1B emission scenarios.The downscaled results pro-vided a closer representation of the observation compared to the raw models in the present climate.In addition,compared to the inconsistent prediction directly from dif-ferent GCMs,the downscaled results provided a consistent projection for this half-century,which indicated a clear increase in the YRSR.Under the B1 emission scenario,the rainfall could increase by an average of 11.9% until 2011 25 and 17.2% until 2036 50 from the current state;under the A1B emission scenario,rainfall could increase by an average of 15.5% until 2011 25 and 25.3% until 2036 50 from the current state.Moreover,the increased rate was faster in the following decade (2011 25) than the latter of this half-century (2036 50) under both emissions.