低渗透储层应力敏感性与产能物性下限

采用CMS - 2 0 0型孔隙度、渗透率测定仪 ,对采自大庆长垣东部榆树林、朝阳沟、头台等油田油层的 16个岩芯样品进行实验 ,为了观察油田开发过程中低渗透储层的应力敏感性 ,选择了初始压力 (原始地层压力 )和最大围压 (最大上覆岩压 ) ,并考虑油田注水开发的长期性及岩石本身的流变特性 ,在实验中适当延长了模拟压力恢复阶段的时间。实验结果表明 ,低渗透油田储层对应力的变化比较敏感 ,渗透率降低幅度较大。但随注水时间的延长 ,渗透率有不同程度的恢复 ,且恢复程度与渗透率大小有关 :初始渗透率高 ,恢复程度大 ;初始渗透率低 ,恢复程度也低。特别是渗透率小于 1 0× 10 -3 μm2 的储层对应力的变化非常敏感 ,由此所产生的流固耦合现象也十分明显。因此可将渗透率小于 1 0× 10 -3 μm2 定为储层应力敏感性的界限。从油田开发角度来看 ,流固耦合作用的弊大于利 ,因此开采低渗透储层要尽可能保持地层压力开采 ,以清除流固耦合的影响。建议在制定储层产能界限时除考虑油层改造及开发技术进步的因素外 ,也必须考虑流固耦合作用的影响。经过综合分析 ,指出了大庆长垣东部油田储层的流固耦合作用的影响 ,并初步将本区的产能界限定为渗透率下限≥ 1 0× 10 -3 μm2 ,供油田开发决策参考。

《晶体光学与岩石学》考试综合评分法探索

本文分析了高校考试的现状和存在的弊端,并介绍南京大学地球科学系<晶体光学与岩石学>课程试行综合考核评分法的情况,课程学习成绩由平时成绩、课程小论文、实验课考查以及期末笔试等几种方式综合评定,将能较全面地反映学生的实际水平,调动学生学习的主动性和积极性;建议取消补考,实行收费重修,对学生学籍实行动态管理,有利于学生的发展与进步.考试形式、评分方法和考试制度的改革,将可促进教学质量的提高和创新人才的培养.

江汉石油学院研究生学位点立项建设探索

江汉石油学院研究生教育14年来，为石油工业发展和地方经济建设培养了一批高层次人才。近年来，学院在研究生学位点立项建设方面又进行了有益的探索，得到了湖北省教育厅和国家教育部的充分肯定，批准新增2个博士授权点和6个硕士授权点建设项目，为学院研究生教育上高层次打下了基础。

An Approach to Computer Modeling of Geological Faults in 3D and an Application

3D geological modeling, one of the most important applications in geosciences of 3D GIS, forms the basis and is a prerequisite for visualized representation and analysis of 3D geological data. Computer modeling of geological faults in 3D is currently a topical research area. Structural modeling techniques of complex geological entities contain- ing reverse faults are discussed and a series of approaches are proposed. The geological concepts involved in computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D are explained, the type of data of geological faults based on geo- logical exploration is analyzed, and a normative database format for geological faults is designed. Two kinds of model- ing approaches for faults are compared: a modeling technique of faults based on stratum recovery and a modeling tech- nique of faults based on interpolation in subareas. A novel approach, called the Unified Modeling Technique for stratum and fault, is presented to solve the puzzling problems of reverse faults, syn-sedimentary faults and faults terminated within geological models. A case study of a fault model of bed rock in the Beijing Olympic Green District is presented in order to show the practical result of this method. The principle and the process of computer modeling of geological faults in 3D are discussed and a series of applied technical proposals established. It strengthens our profound compre- hension of geological phenomena and the modeling approach, and establishes the basic techniques of 3D geological modeling for practical applications in the field of geosciences.

GTP-based Integral Real-3D Spatial Model for Engineering Excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E 2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations.In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E 2 GIS, the modeling principles of G\|GTP and E\|GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object\|oriented integral real\|3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.

Comparison of Different Height Systems

Geopotential, dynamic, orthometric and normal height systems and the corrections related to these systems are evaluated in this paper. Along two different routes, with a length of about 5 kilometers, precise leveling and gravity measurements are done. One of the routes is in an even field while the other is in a rough field. The magnitudes of orthometric, normal and dynamic corrections are calculated for each route. Orthometric, dynamic, and normal height differences are acquired by adding the corrections to the height differences obtained from geometric leveling. The magnitudes of the corrections between the two routes are compared. In addition, by subtracting orthometric, dynamic, and normal heights from geometric leveling, deviations of these heights from geometric leveling are counted.

Anthropogenic Earth-Change： We Are on a Slippery Slope, Breaking New Ground and It＇s Our Fault---A Multi-disciplinary Review and New Unified Earth-System Hypothesis

Human activity could be changing the Earth＇s foundations themselves, as we affect multiple systems interacting in feedback mechanisms changing the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and even the lithosphere （solid surface） and asthenosphere （deformable semi-molten rock layer beneath）. Anthropogenic movement of ice, water and sediment alters viscosity and movement of the asthenosphere; this induces earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanism and rifting, and may induce plate-tectonic-change. These processes may account for the timing of unexplained contemporary Icelandic, New Zealand, Chilean, Japanese and Indonesian seismicity, volcanism and magma movement. Climate-change and sea-level rise are creating： slip-planes from differential water pore-pressures and/or weakening of previous fault-planes; sediment-change and altered hydrology and reservoir-mass, inducing isostasy and further change in pore-pressure. Loss of plant biomass and diversity alter hydrology, precipitation and transpiration, causing isostasy and further sediment- and climate-change. Increased ocean-mass, temperatures and acidity, reduced oceanic oxygenation, and increased transport of （organic） sediments elevate the production and destabilisation of gas-hydrates, causing slumps and tsunamis. Isostasy and altered viscosity of the asthenosphere increase seismicity, slope and faulting, which are the prime triggers for slumping and tsunamis. Altered asthenosphere flows hasten subduction and rifting landward of subduction, enhancing volcanism. All of these processes predominantly coincide, temporally and spatially, in the coasts and continental margins, and the Pacific ring-of-fire, although response times and extents may vary from immediate to multi-millennial scales and from negligible to catastrophic. Contemporary Icelandic seismic and volcanic activity is explained by depleted magma reserves on the north-western side of the mid-ocean ridge as asthenosphere moves from the constructive boundary under deglaciating and rising Greenland.

The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Data Management System for the Arctic Sciences

The brokering approach can be successfully used to overcome the crucial question of searching among enormous amount of data （raw and/or processed） produced and stored in different information systems. In this paper, authors describe the Data Management System the DMS （Data Management System） developed by INGV （Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia） to support the brokering system GEOSS （Global Earth Observation System of Systems） adopted for the ARCA （Arctic Present Climate Change and Past Extreme Events） project. This DMS includes heterogeneous data that contributes to the ARCA objective （www.arcaproject.it） focusing on multi-parametric and multi-disciplinary studies on the mechanism （s） behind the release of large volumes of cold and fresh water from melting of ice caps. The DMS is accessible directly at the www.arca.rm.ingv.it, or through the IADC （Italian Arctic Data Center） at http：//arcticnode.dta.cnr.it/iadc/gi-portal/index.jsp that interoperates with the GEOSS brokering system （http：//www.geoportal.org0 making easy and fast the search of specific data set and its URL.

Integrated research methods in watershed science

We discuss the concepts, research methods, and infrastructure of watershed science. A watershed is a basic unit and possesses all of the complexities of the land surface system, thereby making it the best unit for practicing Earth system science. Watershed science is an Earth system science practiced on a watershed scale, and it has developed rapidly over the previous two decades. The goal of watershed science is to understand and predict the behavior of complex watershed systems and support the sustainable development of watersheds. However, watershed science confronts the difficulties of understanding complex systems, achieving scale transformation, and simulating the co-evolution of the human-nature system. These difficulties are fundamentally methodological challenges. Therefore, we discuss the research methods of watershed science, which include the self-organized complex system method, the upscaling method dominated by statistical mechanics, Darwinian approaches based on selection and evolutionary principles, hydro-economic and eco-economic methods that emphasize the human-nature system co-evolution, and meta-synthesis for addressing unstructured problems. These approaches together can create a bridge between holism and reductionism and work as a group of operational methods to combine hard and soft integrations and capture all aspects of both natural and human systems. These methods will contribute to the maturation of watershed science and to a methodology that can be used throughout land-surface systems science.

Tectonomicrobiology:A new paradigm for geobiological research

Geomicrobiology is a sub-discipline of geobiology and emphasizes the interaction between microorganisms and their environment on Earth. There is a need to explicitly emphasize the biogeochemical processes performed by microorganisms associated with Earth's tectonic activities, especially under the framework of the modern theory of plate tectonics. Tectonomicrobiology aims to create a better synergy between microbial and active tectonic processes. This explicit synergy should also foster better communications between solid Earth scientists and life scientists in terms of holistic Earth system dynamics at both tectonic and micro-scales.