PRB处理酸性矿山废水的地球化学反应模拟研究

随着工业的迅速发展,矿产资源的需求也随之增加,采矿过程中产生的酸性矿山废水(Acid Mine Drainage,AMD)对周围环境具有严重危害性,可渗透反应墙(Permeable Reactive Barrier,PRB)通过下放置反应材料,利用自然水力梯度拦截污染羽流,该技术已成为有效处理AMD的手段之一。为研究PRB内化学反应堵塞对其处理效果的影响,搭建了规模为60 cm×15 cm×20 cm的箱体装置,模拟石灰石PRB处理AMD的过程;基于箱体实验得到的数据,并利用化学反应输运模型理论开发了一种新的地球化学算法,来描述PRB处理AMD过程中可能会发生的化学反应,最后通过MODFLOW和RT3D的耦合模拟并预测PRB有效处理污染物质的最大寿命。结果表明:①有效地模拟出了PRB中石灰石的酸性中和能力及其对酸性废水中总铁、Al^(3+)的去除效果,并且很好地反映出PRB系统的化学堵塞过程;②模拟结果与实测值吻合程度较好。进口区域、中间区域以及出口区域3个不同位置处出水的pH实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为0.38、0.30和0.29,总铁质量浓度实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为1.570、0.102和0.124 mg/L,Al^(3+)质量浓度实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为1.010、0.374和0.160 mg/L;③预测结果表明,该实验室规模的PRB装置在前30 d出水中的总铁和Al^(3+)质量浓度最低,去除效果最好,且去除能力随着时间逐渐减弱。参照地下水质量标准限制,判断出该石灰石PRB能够有效处理总铁的最大寿命为132 d,有效处理Al^(3+)的最大寿命为63 d。

试谈高中地理有效教学策略

一、教学前——如何有效备课1.备目标——领会新课改教学目标"上这堂课的目标是什么",这是每一个地理教师必须思考的问题。地理教学中只有注重教学目标的全面性,制定完整的三维教学目标,才能提高课堂的有效教学。例如,关于"三圈环流"的教学,教学目标的表述已经从"要学生掌握三圈环流的形成"转变为"给出三圈环流示意图,说出图中三圈环流的名称,标出气流运动方向并说明其成因",这样,根据目标进行教学。

Relationship among subtropical anticyclone,drought and earth rotation

The deep reason of severe disaster weather with the relationship among the earth nutation,rotation and atmospheric change is explored based on the effective results about the disaster weather prediction of the long term made by the variation of the earth rotation in near 10 years. It is discussed the relationship between the subtropical anticyclone and subtropical easterlies to aim at the problem of high temperature and drought in the globe,further more,the comparison analysis has been made to the earth nutation and the variation of rotation. The research results show that the reasons of severe disaster weather not only are due to atmosphere itself,but have some variation information of earth movement which could be used for the weather forecast.

Geo-environment in the Sustainable Development of Chinese Cities

Urban geo_environment mainly concerns those regards in and around a city,such as the movement of earth crust and earth surface,conditions of hydrology,geology,geography and meteorology.The relevant studies on geo_disaster reduction and the influences resulted from human activities on the geo_environment are included as well.It is stressed in the paper that geo_environmental protection and management are of significance to the sustainable development for Chinese cities.

Study on Active Faults and Seismogenic Structure for the 1989 Batang M6.2～6.7 Earthquake Swarm in the Litang-Batang Region of West Sichuan,China

Fault structures in the Litang-Batang region of West Sichuan are mainly sub-longitudinal and a set of NNE- and NW-trending conjugate shear fracture zones is developed. In this paper, emphasis is put on explaining the movement patterns along the fault structures in the region since the late Pleistocene-Holocene on the basis of detailed interpretation of TM satellite images and aero-photos in geomorphologic aspect of active structures. The sub-latitudinal shortening rate along the sub-longitudinal Jinshajiang fault zone is determined to be 2～3mm/a since the late Quaternary, the horizontal dextral slip movement rate along the NNE-trending Batang fault is 1.3～2.7mm/a on average, and the horizontal sinistral slip movement rate along the NW-trending Litang fault is 2.6～4.4 mm/a on average. The general status of the recent crustal movement in the region and the regularities of block motion caused by it are analyzed in combination with data of geophysical fields, focal mechanism solutions and GPS measurements. The occurrence of the 1989 Batang M6.2～6.7 earthquake swarm is suggested to be the result of tensional rupture along the sub-latitudinal normal fault derived from the conjugate shearing along the NNE-trending Batang and the NW-trending Litang faults. It reveals a typical seismic case produced by normal faulting in a compressional tectonic environment.

Global Plate Motions and Their Impact on the Earth's Surface Area Change

Based on their Euler poles, we calculated the relative velocities between every two plates in the typical global plate motion models, respectively, and estimated the area change along these boundaries. In our calculations, plates on both sides accommodated area changes depending on the boundary types： extensional, convergent or transform, so we can estimate area change of each plate and then globally. Our preliminary results show that the area of the southern hemisphere increased while that of the northern hemisphere decreased over the past I million years, and global area has increased by 26,000km^2 to 36,000km^2, which corresponds to the 160m - 250m increment on the Earth＇s radius if all these area increments are attributed to Earth＇s expansion. Taking the NUVEL-1 model as an example, of the 14 plates in this model, 11 are decreasing, but the global area has increased because of the larger increment amount from Africa, North America and Antarctica. Finally, we also discussed factors affecting the global area change such as subduction zone retreating and back-arc spreading.

Gradient effect of road transportation on economic development in different geomorphic regions

The economic benefits of transport infrastructure investment have been widely accepted.However,the varying influence of road transport development across vertical space has rarely been discussed.Taking Sichuan province in China as case study area where the landform is diverse and complex,administrative counties were categorized into 4 main types:plain counties,hill counties,mountain counties,and plateau counties.Using statistical data during 2006-2014,theperformanceofeconomic development and transport construction level in the four types of counties are discussed.Subsequently,the heterogeneous effect of each grade road on economy was calculated by local regression model(GWR).The results indicate that plain counties largely surpassed the other geomorphic counties in economic development level,while the gradient gap among them was on the decline.Similarly,distribution of transport infrastructure presented a decreasing trend from the low plain counties to high plateau counties.Regional imbalances were mainly reflected in the County road and Village road.Regarding the changes of regional gaps,National&Provincial roads and County roads were constantly expanding,whereas the disparity of Village road was slowly narrowing over time.Particularly noteworthy was the non-stationary economic influence of traffic factors across vertical gradients.On average,National&Provincial roads generated higher benefits in the high elevation regions than the lowlands.In contrast,County road and Village road were found to be more effective in promoting economic development in plains.With regard to local estimates of traffic factors,coefficients in mountain counties exhibited larger fluctuation ranges than other geomorphic units.The conclusions provide a basis for government decisionmaking in a more reasonable construction arrangement of road facilities and sustainable economic development.

EARTH ROTATION EQUATIONS CONTAINING BOTH NUTATION AND POLAR MOTION

The theory of Smith (1977,1980) is generalized to include both forced and free rotations by introducing an arbitrarily rotating nutation frame.The Eulerien equations are transformed to include the following unknowns:the angular velocity of the nutation frame with respect to the spatial frame,which represents the nutation,and the angles defining the orientation of the Earth with respect to the nutation frame,which represents the polar motion.Together with the definition of the nutation frame (as the definition of the nutation frame is arbitrary to some extent),one can solve simultaneously forced and free nutation and polar motion.As demonstrative examples,studies of nutation and polar motion are made by assuming the nutation axis to be the Earth’s figure axis,rotation axis and angular momentum axis respectively.And the case of the celestial ephemeris pole is also studied.

Effect of Solving Models on Euler Vectors

In the process of solving Euler vectors based on GNSS horizontal movement field,the number of estimated parameters can affect Euler vector results. This issue is analyzed through theoretical deduction and practical example in this paper. Firstly,the difference between the results of Euler vectors in different solving models is deduced. Meanwhile, based on GNSS horizontal movement field in the Chinese mainland from 2004 to 2007,two common models( RRM and REHSM) are used to discuss the impact of solving models on Euler vectors and the follow-up study. The result shows that the maximum value of the difference in a block's entire rotation can reach 2. 6mm /a,and should not be ignored. Therefore,the results of horizontal movement are different using different kinematic block models,and this should be paid more attention in the analysis of crustal horizontal movement.

Visualization and Damage Assessment for Flooded Area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self\|programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low\|cost and easy\|to\|use GIS\|Based model developed by self\|programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non\|source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed\|spread algorithm suitable for source\|flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed\|spread algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.

GPS Observation and Study on Recent Crustal Movement in the Northeastern Area of Pamir,Xinjiang

Calculation of repeated observation data at the densified GPS monitoring network in northeastern area of Pamir together with data from IGS stations in the periphery of the area yielded the movement rate of more than 40 GPS station sites in the area, and, hence, the recent crustal deformation rate pattern and time series of fiducial GPS stations in the area were obtained. The result indicates that the principal movement direction of the GPS station sites is NNW, basically diagonal to the strike of Tianshan fold belt, i.e. a normal compression occurs in the Tianshan region. The movement pattern near Jiashi and its southwestern zone is some different from that of station sites in their surrounding areas, indicating a certain relation of tectonic deformation in Jiashi area to seismic activity during last years. The movement rate of station sites in the periphery of Tarim basin less varies and its direction is basically consistent. It indicates less or basically no deformation within Tarim basin.

Analysis of Short Sea Shipping-Based Logistics Corridors in the Baltic Sea Region

Despite recent turbulences in global economy, the growth of global trade volumes is expected to continue in the future, leading to increased demands on the performance of logistics networks. The political framework for EU （European Union） Transport Policy Development is presented in the EU White Paper on Transport 2011 in order to build a competitive European transport system. One significant aspect is the promotion of multimodal transport in order to decrease terrestrial transport services （road and rail） and to increase services in the maritime transport sector, especially considering the relief of road and railway infrastructure. Looking at the present situation, SSS （Short Sea Shipping） is already used in many different transport fields all around the world. However, there still exists a great potential which currently is not used or not sufficiently exploited for many different reasons. In order to identify the potential use of SSS in multimodal transport, different scenarios in the Baltic Sea Region and the adjoining hinterland have been developed pointing out alternative solutions for routing. These options are analyzed in detail and evaluated from different perspectives （i.e. transport and handling costs, time consumption and transport-related emissions）. Afterwards, advantages and disadvantages of each alternative will be examined by taking into account economic and ecological aspects in making decision.

Crustal Movement in the Northern Part of North China Associated with Zhangbei Earthquake

Crustal Deformation Monitoring Center, China Seismological Bureau, Tianjin 300180, China Crustal deformation in the northern part of North China associated with Zhangbei earthquake is analyzed using GPS data collected during 1992, 1996 and 1999, precise re-leveling data collected during 1992, 1998 and 2000, and INSAR result (September 22, 1997～May 6, 1998). The results indicate: ① The vertical deformation is not remarkable since 1992. The vertical crustal deformation in the central and northern part of North China in recent 10 years is of inheritance. The scope of the significant deformation is 15km×15km with a magnitude of 250mm when the event occurred. ② The horizontal deformation is not remarkable in any unit of North China. ③ Before and after the event (1992～1996 and 1996～1999), there is kinematic change of horizontal motion between different units. The activity mode along Yinshan tectonic zone changed from relative static state to left-lateral strike slip; The dominant extensional movement along Shanxi rift zone changed to right-lateral strike slip; Yanshan tectonic zone changed from left-lateral strike-slip with extension to left-lateral strike slip; Yanshan-Hebei transitional zone formed before the event disappeared after the event. ④ The scale of the deformation is closely related to the physical property of media and geological structure environment. Further analysis indicates that ① Zhangbei earthquake does not mean that the earthquake activity begins to be strengthened in North China; ② The crustal movement is normal at present; ③ Next stronger earthquake in North China might be located in Yanshan tectonic zone, especially at its both ends, and Shanxi tectonic zone.

Language Policy in Nigeria and Nigerian Language Policy： Implications for Effective Communication in Non-Monolingual Nations

In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous languages in the country continues to affect performance in English and contact languages, making effective communication in either English or any of the indigenous languages unattainable. The purpose of this study is to show that although no particular document, so named, exists expressing the nation＇s policy on language, nonetheless, the country has a policy on language that accommodates the indigenous languages as substrates, while the English language holds sway in various linguistic domains. Using a simple descriptive survey with data from previous studies, this paper examines the linguistic implications of the contact between English and indigenous languages on the younger generations who are losing contact with the mother tongue, and also not demonstrating enough proficiency in the English language. It is recommended that the opportunities that competence and maturation afforded a second language learner should be latched onto to gain the needed proficiency in English thus making them effective bilinguals and communicators in a world that is fast becoming a global village, and the inhabitants global citizens.

Possibilities of GPS Kinematic Measurements for Geological Survey in East Slovakia

This paper deals with transformation procedures for observed GPS data from the world geodetic system WGS84 into the national geodetic grid datum SUTCN （system of united trigonometric cadaster network） and Baa（the Baltic Sea after adjustment）.Transformation from WGS84 into SUTCN is performed most frequently by means of the 7element Helmert transformation with three identical points.Geodetic network was adjusted by two ways.

Electric field penetration into Earth's ionosphere:a brief review for 2000–2013

Electric field penetration is a consequence of solar wind interaction with planetary magnetosphere and/or ionosphere. For both Earth with intrinsic magnetosphere and Mars/Venus without intrinsic magnetosphere, the penetration electric field causes various kinds of global and local electrodynamic response of the ionosphere to the solar wind electric field, especially the plasma motion in the ionosphere. Within the first 14 years of the twenty-first century, the cause and effect of the electric field penetra- tion on Earth has been investigated extensively and understood more deeply. Here we review the progress acquired on the patterns and drivers of the penetration electric field, and its influences on the plasma distribution and the equatorial spread F in the mid- and low-latitude ionosphere. From the perspective of comparative study, we also shortly introduce the new results for Mars. What has become clear is that our understanding of electric field penetration has been significantly improved, but ultimately the crucial details of the global picture still remain un- known. Looking forward to the future research of the electric field penetration in Earth＇s ionosphere, the break- through relies on new instruments built up at different longitudes to improve the global coverage of the observa- tion. An integrated network of instrument is necessary to reveal the longitude and local-time dependence of the electric field penetration and shed new light on the physical details of the global ionospheric processes driven by the electric field penetration.

Analysis of residual gas disturbance on the inner satellite of Inner Formation Flying System

The Inner Formation Flying System （IFFS） consisting of an freely flying in the shield cavity can construct a pure gravity outer satellite and an inner satellite which is a sphere proof mass orbit to precisely detect the earth gravity field. The residual gas in the cavity is a significant disturbance source due to the temperature inhomogeneity and relative motion of the inner satellite. The expressions of the disturbance forces were derived based on the property of rarefied gas, including the radiometer effect and the damping force. According to the current design of IFFS, heat transfer analysis of the cavity and the inner satellite was carried out, and the surface temperature distribution of the cavity and the inner satellite was given. The relative motion of the inner satellite was obtained from the formation control simulation of IFFS. Then the residual gas disturbance was calculated. The disturbance acceleration acting on the inner satellite due to the radiometer effect was on the order of 10^-11 m s^-2 and the damping acceleration was on the order of 10^-15 m s^-2.

New Solution for the Earth’s Free Wobble and Its Geophysical Implications

In this paper, the theory of the free wobble of the triaxial Earth is developed and new conclusions are drawn: the Euler period should be actually expressed by the first kind of complete elliptic integral; the trace of the free polar motion is elliptic and the orientations of its semi-minor and major axes are approximately parallel to the Earth's principal axes A and B, respectively. In addition, the present theory shows that there is a mechanism of frequency-amplitude modulation in the Chandler wobble, which might be a candidate for explaining the correlation between the amplitude and period of the Chandler wobble.

Thermodynamic analysis of a space station remote manipulator with a harmonic drive that considers an integrated thermal protection layer.

To eliminate anomalies and improve the performance of a space station remote manipulator(SSRM) used in a dynamically changeable thermal environment, we analyze the thermodynamic behavior of an SSRM that considers an integrated thermal protection system(ITPS). Solar radiative heat gain and loss become equally significant as conductive heat transfers through the interior of the SSRM on orbit. A thermodynamic model of the SSRM with a sandwich ITPS structure is established on the coupling between harmonic drive and changeable thermal environment. A motion precision is proposed to evaluate thermodynamic behavior under continuously changeable thermal circumstances. Simulation results indicate that the ITPS with a corrugated sandwich structure reduces the maximum amplitude of angular position errors to 41.6%, which helps improve the motion precision of the SSRM. The feasible regions for the SSRM in the Low Earth Orbit(LEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit(GEO) are analyzed, which shows that the proportion of feasible region in LEO is significantly larger than that in GEO.