关于云南省热量带的划分问题

本文提出按“水平—垂直迭加地带性”与“地理景观学—农业生产”原则划分了云南省的热量带，给出了新的热量带的界线。

APPLICATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISULIZATION IN SIMULATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE EVOLVEMENT

The value of application of three-dimensional visualization and animation technique in dynamic simulation of geographical landscape formation is analyzed and, in particular, how to simulate the formation and evolvement of geographical landscape in temporal dimension is discussed thoroughly. Based on various modeling tools in 3DS MAX and original DEM data of the study area acquired from topographic map, real three-dimensional terrain model is generated by using the method of three-dimensional mesh approximation through DEM interpolating and surface modeling, which leads to the realization of the dynamic visualization and simulation of volcanic landscape, formation and evolvement. Furthermore, the dynamic three-dimensional visual virtual scenery of the formation and evolvement of the volcano in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin, China, is constructed. The applicability, potential, and corresponding technique of using 3DS MAX to dynamically simulate the formation of geographical landscape are expatiated.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

THE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTAND PLANNING IN THE CONTROL WATERSHED BY RESERVOIR OF ERLONG MOUNTAIN

Based on the theories of landscape ecology, landscape eco environment in the control watershed by reservoir of Erlong Mountain in Heilongjiang Province was analyzed and assessed by using GIS technique and statistical model of Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Cluster Analysis. It is found that 100.08km2(36%)of the total area is in the state of kilter,85.73km2(31%)of the total area is in the state of general,and 47.26km2(17%)and 15.48km2(16%)is in the relatively poor state and ideal state. According to landscape ecological structure,there are three landscape function areas being planned and designed. 1) Agricultural landscape function area: its developmental direction is tour agriculture and high benefit agriculture. 2) Eco environment protected function area:the direction of development and utilization of this region is to develop vigorously forest for soil and water conservation, and try to increase the rate of vegetation cover. 3) Forest landscape function area: rational cut and utilization of forest resources, space optimization disposal of category of forest, foster of forest and protection of wildwood will become the main development directions for this region. This study trys to provide scientific foundation for ecological restoration of the whole valley and its sustainable development.

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅶ．中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型生物学特征

目的研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型。方法根据中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观学、鼠疫耶尔森菌基因组学、鼠疫宿主动物学、鼠疫媒介昆虫学特征，提出“鼠疫生物地理群落指征、两级分型法和三项指征命名法”；区划中国鼠疫自然疫源地型及其亚型。结果中国鼠疫自然疫源地分为12型19亚型。阐明中国鼠疫自然疫源地生物学特征。结论中国鼠疫自然疫源地型及其亚型的划分，为掌握其生物学基本规律奠定基础。

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究 Ⅷ．鼠疫自然疫源地分型生物学研究基础理念

鼠疫是典型的自然疫源性人畜共患病。鼠疫自然疫源地的划分是认识和防制鼠疫的基础性工作。鼠疫生物地理群落（鼠疫自然疫源地）由生态地理景观型、宿主、媒介、鼠疫菌基因组型四要素组成，并在长期进化过程中存在复杂的相互关系。人类活动是影响鼠疫自然疫源地的重要因素。本文基于先前发表的系列论文，整合对鼠疫自然疫源地各要素的研究成果，集中论述鼠疫自然疫源地划分和认识中的若干重要理念，为鼠疫和其他人畜共患病的防疫和监控提供理论创新。

点缀山林:摩崖石刻与胜迹的塑造

西方汉学在研究中国摩崖石刻时所倡导的地理景观学方法,往往包含了非时间、非历史的因素,容易将历史上累积生成的景观理解为设计景观或者艺术创作。摩崖石刻生态学的概念,须考虑到题刻常常是就地取材,其意义更须从功能、成本、技术以及最终的形式中探求,同时要引入时间变化的视野。摩崖与风景是一种互相提示的关系,摩崖所处的环境有时未必具有特别的意义。由于摩崖嵌入了山林之中,文字的辨识与推求往往使得观览风景转换为阅读风景,这也是一种独特的塑造名胜的方式,拓本在其中起重要作用。拓本与摩崖实物,并不存在孰轻孰重的关系。而访碑图由记游变成虚构,将友人编织到想象的访碑之旅的做法,也增添了景点的人文意趣。此外,地方志中的金石志同样具有类似于“卧游”的功能。

Visualizing Patterns of Genetic Landscapes and Species Distribution of Taxus wallichiana(Taxaceae),Based on GIS and Ecological Niche Models

The Chinese yew（Taxus wallichiana）,which is widely distributed in the Himalayas and in southern China,is now on the edge of extinction.In order to understand the evolutionary processes that control the current diversity within this species at the genetic and ecological levels,its genetic patterns and range dynamics must first be identified and mapped.This knowledge can then be applied in the development of an effective conservation strategy.Based on molecular data obtained from 48 populations of T.wallichiana,we used GIS-based interpolation approach for the explicit visualization of patterns of genetic divergence and diversity,and a number of potential evolutionary hotspots have been specifically identified within the genetic landscape maps.Within the maps of genetic divergence and diversity,five areas of high inter-population genetic divergence and six areas of high intra-population genetic diversity have been highlighted in a number of separate mountain regions,and these evolutionary hotspots should have the priority to be protected.Furthermore,four geographical barriers have been identified： the eastern Himalayas,the Yunnan Plateau,the Hengduan Mountains and the Taiwan Strait.According to ecological niche modeling（ENM）,the populations of T.wallichiana within the Sino-Himalayan Forest floristic subkingdom experienced westward expansion from the periods of Last Inter-glacial to Last Glacial Maximum（LGM）.Following the LGM,the distribution range overall became reduced and fragmented.These findings challenge the classic mode of contraction-expansion in response to the last glaciation.In conclusion,our findings suggest that the changes in geographical landscapes and climate that occurred during the Quaternary resulted in current genetic landscape patterns.

Soil and climate equally contribute to changes in the species compositions of Brazilian dry forests across 300 km

Aims Understanding the factors that control biodiversity distributions at different spatial scales has been a key challenge for conservation efforts.That biodiversity,reflected in differences in species compositions among sites(beta diversity),can be derived from species replacement(turnover)and is driven by multiple factors.Here,we sought to tackle this issue through two questions related to threatened Brazilian seasonally dry forests:(i)what is the contribution of species turnover to beta diversity?and(ii)which factors drive variations in species compositions among forest patches?Methods We sampled tree species and environmental variables(soils and climate)in 17 dry forest patches spaced almost 300 km apart.We used the beta diversity partitioning framework to determine the contribution of turnover.We used redundancy analysis,with properly controlled spatial structure,to assess the contributions of the environmental and spatial factors to the variations of the species composition.Important Findings Beta diversity among the patches was mainly represented by the turnover component(98.2%),with Simpson dissimilarity superior to other regions of the country(means of 0.89 and 0.71 in multiple site and pairwise measures,respectively).The environmental factors measured explained more than space,representing 30.3%of the variation of the species composition,of which 28.1%was nonspatially structured.We suggest that 300 km represents a threshold at which edaphic and climatic predictors have similar effects in determining community turnover(14.9%and 12.6%,respectively,without spatial structure).Thus,conservation strategies should be considered across landscapes to effectively protect tropical forest diversity,as even considering the different climatic aspects covered by the scale,landscaped edaphic varieties are important drivers of species turnover.